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Makhana (Fox Nuts) Exports Hit by West Asia Conflict | Euryale ferox & ODOP | UPSC Agriculture & Economy

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📘 ENGLISH CONTENT

Recently, exports of Makhana have been adversely affected due to the ongoing West Asia conflict, leading to a sharp decline in demand and prices.

Makhana, also known as fox nuts, is obtained from the dried edible seeds of the prickly water lily, scientifically called Euryale ferox.

These seeds are small, round, and have a dark outer covering, which gives makhana the nickname “Black Diamond.”

The plant is native to Southeast Asia and China but is now cultivated in several parts of the world.

Climatic & Growing Conditions

Makhana is a hydrophytic crop grown in stagnant water bodies such as ponds, oxbow lakes, swamps, and ditches.

It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates.

  • Temperature: 20°C to 35°C
  • Rainfall: 100–250 cm annually
  • Soil: Smooth loamy soil

Distribution in India

In India, makhana is mainly cultivated in Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir.

Bihar is the leading producer and processor of makhana in India.

It has also been recognized under the government’s One District One Product (ODOP) scheme.

Uses & Importance

Makhana has high nutritional value and is widely used as both food and medicine.

It is rich in protein, antioxidants, and minerals, making it beneficial for health.

Economically, it is an important crop for rural livelihoods, especially in eastern India.

The decline in exports highlights the vulnerability of agricultural commodities to global geopolitical developments.

📘 MCQs (ENGLISH)

Q1. Makhana is obtained from:

A. Wheat

B. Rice

C. Euryale ferox

D. Maize

Answer: C

Q2. It is also known as:

A. Rice

B. Fox nuts

C. Almond

D. Barley

Answer: B

Q3. It grows in:

A. Desert

B. Mountains

C. Water bodies

D. Forest

Answer: C

Q4. Type of plant:

A. Xerophyte

B. Hydrophyte

C. Mesophyte

D. Epiphyte

Answer: B

Q5. Ideal temperature:

A. 10–20°C

B. 20–35°C

C. 35–50°C

D. 0–10°C

Answer: B

Q6. Leading producer in India:

A. Punjab

B. Bihar

C. Gujarat

D. Kerala

Answer: B

Q7. It is part of:

A. Make in India

B. ODOP

C. Digital India

D. Startup India

Answer: B

Q8. Makhana is:

A. Low nutrition

B. High nutrition

C. Toxic

D. Artificial

Answer: B

Q9. Export decline due to:

A. Flood

B. War

C. Drought

D. Policy

Answer: B

Q10. It is native to:

A. Africa

B. Europe

C. Southeast Asia

D. America

Answer: C

📘 हिंदी कंटेंट

हाल ही में Makhana के निर्यात पर पश्चिम एशिया के युद्ध का नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा है।

मखाना Euryale ferox के बीज से प्राप्त होता है।

इसे फॉक्स नट्स भी कहा जाता है और इसका बाहरी रंग काला होता है, इसलिए इसे “ब्लैक डायमंड” भी कहते हैं।

उगाने की परिस्थितियाँ

यह पानी में उगने वाला पौधा है और तालाब, झील, दलदल में उगाया जाता है।

  • तापमान: 20–35°C
  • वर्षा: 100–250 सेमी
  • मिट्टी: दोमट

भारत में वितरण

यह बिहार, पश्चिम बंगाल, असम आदि राज्यों में उगाया जाता है।

बिहार इसका सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है।

यह ODOP योजना के तहत भी शामिल है।

महत्व

यह पौष्टिक होता है और दवा व भोजन दोनों के रूप में उपयोग होता है।

यह किसानों की आय का महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है।

📘 MCQs (हिंदी)

Q1. मखाना किससे मिलता है?

A. गेहूं

B. चावल

C. Euryale ferox

D. मक्का

उत्तर: C

Q2. इसे क्या कहते हैं?

A. चावल

B. फॉक्स नट्स

C. बादाम

D. जौ

उत्तर: B

Q3. यह कहाँ उगता है?

A. रेगिस्तान

B. पहाड़

C. पानी

D. जंगल

उत्तर: C

Q4. यह किस प्रकार का पौधा है?

A. Xerophyte

B. Hydrophyte

C. Mesophyte

D. Epiphyte

उत्तर: B

Q5. तापमान कितना चाहिए?

A. 10–20

B. 20–35

C. 35–50

D. 0–10

उत्तर: B

Q6. सबसे अधिक उत्पादन कहाँ?

A. पंजाब

B. बिहार

C. गुजरात

D. केरल

उत्तर: B

Q7. यह किस योजना में है?

A. Make in India

B. ODOP

C. Digital

D. Startup

उत्तर: B

Q8. यह कैसा है?

A. कम पोषण

B. अधिक पोषण

C. विषैला

D. कृत्रिम

उत्तर: B

Q9. निर्यात क्यों घटा?

A. बाढ़

B. युद्ध

C. सूखा

D. नीति

उत्तर: B

Q10. यह कहाँ का मूल है?

A. अफ्रीका

B. यूरोप

C. दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया

D. अमेरिका

उत्तर: C

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