🟡 Introduction (परिचय)
Hindi:
भारतीय संविधान में समय-समय पर संशोधन (Amendments) किए जाते हैं ताकि देश की बदलती जरूरतों के अनुसार संविधान को अपडेट किया जा सके। यह topic competitive exams में बार-बार पूछा जाता है।
English:
Constitutional Amendments are changes made to the Indian Constitution to meet evolving needs. This topic is frequently asked in competitive exams.
🟡 What is Constitutional Amendment? (संवैधानिक संशोधन क्या है?)
Hindi:
संविधान में बदलाव या नया प्रावधान जोड़ने की प्रक्रिया को संशोधन कहते हैं।
English:
An amendment is a process of making changes or adding provisions to the Constitution.
🟡 Important Article (महत्वपूर्ण अनुच्छेद)
👉 Article 368 – Amendment of Constitution
🟡 Top Important Amendments (महत्वपूर्ण संशोधन)
🔥 1st Amendment Act, 1951
Hindi:
- 9वीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई
English:
- Added 9th Schedule
🔥 7th Amendment Act, 1956
Hindi:
- राज्यों का पुनर्गठन
English:
- Reorganization of states
🔥 24th Amendment Act, 1971
Hindi:
- संसद को संशोधन की शक्ति दी गई
English:
- Gave Parliament power to amend Constitution
🔥 25th Amendment Act, 1971
Hindi:
- संपत्ति के अधिकार को सीमित किया
English:
- Restricted Right to Property
🔥 26th Amendment Act, 1971
Hindi:
- प्रिवी पर्स समाप्त
English:
- Abolished Privy Purses
🔥 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Mini Constitution)
Hindi:
- प्रस्तावना में Socialist, Secular, Integrity जोड़े गए
- Fundamental Duties जोड़े गए
English:
- Added words Socialist, Secular, Integrity
- Added Fundamental Duties
🔥 44th Amendment Act, 1978
Hindi:
- संपत्ति का अधिकार हटाया गया
- Emergency powers सीमित
English:
- Removed Right to Property
- Limited Emergency powers
🔥 52nd Amendment Act, 1985
Hindi:
- Anti-Defection Law
English:
- Introduced Anti-Defection Law
🔥 61st Amendment Act, 1989
Hindi:
- मतदान आयु 21 से 18 वर्ष
English:
- Voting age reduced to 18
🔥 73rd Amendment Act, 1992
Hindi:
- पंचायती राज व्यवस्था
English:
- Panchayati Raj system
🔥 74th Amendment Act, 1992
Hindi:
- नगरपालिकाएं
English:
- Municipalities
🔥 86th Amendment Act, 2002
Hindi:
- शिक्षा का अधिकार (Article 21A)
English:
- Right to Education
🔥 91st Amendment Act, 2003
Hindi:
- मंत्रिपरिषद का आकार सीमित
English:
- Limited size of Council of Ministers
🔥 97th Amendment Act, 2011
Hindi:
- सहकारी समितियां
English:
- Cooperative societies
🔥 101st Amendment Act, 2016
Hindi:
- GST लागू
English:
- Introduced GST
🔥 103rd Amendment Act, 2019
Hindi:
- EWS Reservation (10%)
English:
- 10% reservation for EWS
🔥 106th Amendment Act, 2023
Hindi:
- महिलाओं को 33% आरक्षण
English:
- 33% reservation for women
👉 Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam
🟡 Important Facts (महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य)
Hindi:
- सबसे बड़ा संशोधन: 42nd
- सबसे महत्वपूर्ण: 44th
- Article 368 = Amendment
English:
- Largest Amendment: 42nd
- Important: 44th
- Article 368 deals with amendment
🟡 Most Expected Questions (Expected MCQs)
Q1. Mini Constitution किसे कहा जाता है?
👉 42nd Amendment
Q2. GST किस संशोधन से आया?
👉 101st Amendment
Q3. मतदान आयु कब घटाई गई?
👉 61st Amendment
🟡 Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
Hindi:
संवैधानिक संशोधन भारत के संविधान को समय के साथ आधुनिक और प्रासंगिक बनाए रखते हैं।
English:
Constitutional amendments keep the Constitution modern and relevant.
