Lahore Session of Congress (1929)

• Congress Session held at Lahore in December 1929.
• President: Jawaharlal Nehru.
• Congress adopted the goal of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
• 26 January 1930 was celebrated across India as the first Independence Day.
• Gandhi was authorized to launch a movement for independence.

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Revolutionary Movement After 1922

• After Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, many young people became disappointed.
• Several revolutionary organizations were formed.
• Influenced by socialist ideas.

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Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

Formation (1924)

Founded by:

• Sachindra Nath Sanyal
• Ram Prasad Bismil
• Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
• Chandrashekhar Azad

Reorganization (1928)

• At Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi.
• Renamed as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
• Led by:
  • Bhagat Singh
  • Chandrashekhar Azad
  • Sukhdev
  • Rajguru

Objectives

• Establish a society free from exploitation.
• End economic and social inequalities.

Important Publications

• HRA Manifesto (1925)
• The Philosophy of the Bomb

Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1926)

• Founded by Bhagat Singh.
• Aim: Spread revolutionary ideas among youth.

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Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925)

Date

• 9 August 1925

Event

• Revolutionaries looted government treasury from the 8 Down Train near Kakori (Lucknow).

Leaders

• Ram Prasad Bismil
• Ashfaqulla Khan
• Rajendra Lahiri
• Roshan Singh

Result

• Many revolutionaries were arrested and executed.

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Simon Commission (1927–28)

Background

• Government of India Act, 1919 provided for a constitutional review after ten years.
• British Government appointed the Simon Commission.

Chairman

Sir John Simon

Members

• Total 7 members.
• All were British; no Indian member included.

Arrival in India

• 3 February 1928 at Bombay.

Protest

• Nationwide protests with slogan:

"Simon Go Back"

Supporters

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Depressed Classes Association supported it.

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Nehru Report (1928)

Formation

• All Parties Conference held under Dr. M.A. Ansari.
• Committee chaired by Motilal Nehru.

Submission

• 28 August 1928

Recommendations

• Dominion Status for India.
• Joint Electorates instead of Separate Electorates.
• Federal Government with Centre and Provinces.
• Fundamental Rights.
• Linguistic Provinces.
• Responsible Government.

Opposition

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah opposed several recommendations.

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Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929)

Main demands included:

• Federal Constitution.
• Provincial Autonomy.
• Separate Electorates.
• Adequate Muslim Representation.
• Protection of Minority Rights.

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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)

Date

13 April 1919 (Baisakhi Day)

Cause

• Protest against the arrest of:
  • Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew
  • Dr. Satyapal

Responsible Officer

General Reginald Dyer

Punjab Governor

Michael O'Dwyer

Consequences

• Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood.
• Sir Sankaran Nair resigned from the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
• Hunter Committee was appointed for investigation.

Hunter Committee Members

• Justice William Hunter (Chairman)
• Sir George Barrow
• Thomas Smith
• Chimanlal Setalvad
• Pandit Jagat Narayan

Congress Inquiry Committee

Members included:

• Mahatma Gandhi
• C.R. Das
• Abbas Tyabji
• M.R. Jayakar

The committee strongly condemned General Dyer.

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Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

Proposal

• Proposed by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Supported by C.R. Das.

Approval

• Special Session of Congress at Calcutta (1920).
• Ratified at Nagpur Session (December 1920).

Launch

• Started on 1 August 1920.

Gandhi Returned

• Kaiser-i-Hind Medal.
• Zulu War Medal.
• Boer War Medal.

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Programmes

Boycott

• Government schools and colleges.
• Law courts.
• Foreign cloth.
• Government jobs.
• Elections.

Promotion of

• Khadi
• National Education
• Panchayats
• Hindu-Muslim Unity

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National Educational Institutions Established

• Kashi Vidyapeeth
• Gujarat Vidyapeeth
• Bihar Vidyapeeth
• Bengal National University
• National College, Lahore
• Jamia Millia Islamia

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Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)

Date

5 February 1922

Place

Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur (U.P.)

Incident

• Protesters set a police station on fire.
• 22 policemen died.

Result

• Gandhi immediately withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement.

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Swaraj Party (1923)

Formation

• March 1923

Founders

• C.R. Das
• Motilal Nehru

Objective

• Enter legislative councils and obstruct colonial policies from within.

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Delhi Special Session (1923)

President

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Decision

• Congress allowed participation in legislative councils.

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