Human Development Index (HDI)

India Rank, Formula, Indicators, Categories & Important Facts

मानव विकास सूचकांक: भारत की रैंक, गणना, संकेतक एवं महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

ENGLISH SECTION

Introduction

The Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the world's most important measures for comparing the level of human development across countries.

It is published as part of the:

Human Development Report (HDR)

by the:

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

The HDI was introduced in:

1990

Its central idea is extremely important:

Development should be measured by people's capabilities and wellbeing, not by economic growth alone.

UNDP defines HDI as a summary measure of average achievement in three fundamental dimensions:

1. A long and healthy life

2. Knowledge

3. A decent standard of living

Quick Facts

India's latest reported HDI figures in HDR 2025 are based on 2023 data.

Why Was HDI Created?

Traditionally, development was often judged mainly through:

GDP or income

But economic growth alone does not tell us:

• how long people live,

• whether they are educated,

• whether they have opportunities,

• whether economic resources translate into better lives.

HDI therefore shifted attention from:

Economic wealth alone

towards:

People and their capabilities

UNDP explicitly states that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing development rather than economic growth alone.

Who Developed the Human Development Approach?

Two names are particularly important:

Mahbub ul Haq

and:

Amartya Sen

Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq played a central role in developing and launching the Human Development Report.

Indian economist and Nobel laureate:

Amartya Sen

made major intellectual contributions through the:

Capability Approach

which influenced the broader human-development framework.

Exam Association

HDI → Mahbub ul Haq + Amartya Sen

When Was HDI Introduced?

The first Human Development Report was published in:

1990

Therefore:

HDI → 1990 → UNDP

is an important examination combination.

Three Dimensions of HDI

HDI is based on three dimensions:

1. HEALTH

Dimension:

Long and healthy life

Indicator:

Life Expectancy at Birth

2. EDUCATION

Dimension:

Knowledge

This dimension has two indicators:

Mean Years of Schooling

and:

Expected Years of Schooling

3. STANDARD OF LIVING

Dimension:

Decent standard of living

Indicator:

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

adjusted for:

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

UNDP's current methodology uses these indicators to construct the three dimension indices.

Most Important Exam Correction

Do not simply memorise:

Health + Education + Per Capita Income

For a more precise answer, write:

Health

Life Expectancy at Birth

Education

Mean Years of Schooling + Expected Years of Schooling

Income

GNI per capita (PPP)

Health Dimension

Health is measured using:

Life Expectancy at Birth

This indicates the number of years a newborn would be expected to live if prevailing mortality patterns continued.

Higher life expectancy generally reflects improvements in:

• healthcare,

• nutrition,

• sanitation,

• disease control,

• maternal and child health,

• overall living conditions.

Education Dimension

The education dimension is more detailed than many basic GK notes suggest.

It consists of:

Two indicators

Mean Years of Schooling

This measures the average number of years of education received by:

Adults aged 25 years and older

according to the UNDP HDI methodology.

Expected Years of Schooling

This measures how many years of schooling a:

Child entering school

can be expected to receive if prevailing enrolment patterns continue.

Exam Formula

Education = MYS + EYS

MYS → Mean Years of Schooling

EYS → Expected Years of Schooling

Income Dimension

The standard-of-living dimension uses:

Gross National Income per capita

rather than simply nominal GDP per capita.

It is expressed using:

Purchasing Power Parity

to improve comparability between countries.

Exam Trap

HDI Income Indicator → GNI per capita

not simply:

GDP per capita

GDP vs GNI

Students frequently confuse the two.

GDP

Measures economic production occurring within a country's territory.

GNI

Broadly measures income accruing to the country's residents, incorporating relevant income flows from abroad.

For HDI:

GNI per capita is used.

HDI Scale

HDI values range theoretically from:

0 to 1

A value closer to:

1

generally represents a higher level of human development.

A value closer to:

0

represents lower achievement across the HDI dimensions.

HDI Categories

UNDP currently classifies countries into four human-development groups:

These are the current UNDP classification thresholds.

Easy Memory Trick

0.55 → 0.70 → 0.80

Remember:

Below 0.550

LOW

0.550–0.699

MEDIUM

0.700–0.799

HIGH

0.800+

VERY HIGH

How Is HDI Calculated?

Another important exam fact:

HDI is calculated as the:

Geometric Mean

of the normalised indices for the three dimensions.

In simplified form:

HDI = (Health Index × Education Index × Income Index)^(1/3)

UNDP describes the HDI as the geometric mean of the normalised indices for the three dimensions.

Why Geometric Mean?

The geometric mean limits the extent to which very high achievement in one dimension can fully compensate for poor performance in another.

For example:

A country cannot completely offset:

• poor health,

simply by having:

• very high income.

This reflects the multidimensional philosophy of human development.

Human Development Report 2025

The latest Human Development Report currently available is:

Human Development Report 2025

Its title is:

A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI

The report examines human development in the context of:

Artificial Intelligence

and the choices societies make about using technological change to expand people's capabilities.

India in Human Development Report 2025

According to UNDP:

🇮🇳 India Rank → 130 out of 193

India's HDI value for 2023 is:

0.685

India therefore remains in:

Medium Human Development

category.

India's Key HDI Indicators

According to HDR 2025 data for 2023:

India's HDI Progress

India's HDI value increased from:

0.676 in 2022

to:

0.685 in 2023

According to UNDP's updated time series, India's rank for the 2023 data is:

130

compared with:

133 for 2022

in that same updated series.

Important Warning About Comparing Old HDI Ranks

UNDP periodically revises the entire historical HDI time series when:

• source data change,

• methodologies are updated,

• historical statistics are revised.

Therefore, rankings printed in different editions of the Human Development Report should not always be compared directly.

For example, the 2023/24 report originally reported India at:

134th

with a 2022 HDI value of:

0.644.

The later HDR 2025 updated time series reports revised historical values.

Exam Rule

Always identify:

Report Year + Data Year

before answering an HDI rank question.

India's Long-Term Progress

According to UNDP, India's HDI has increased by more than:

53% since 1990

using the updated HDR 2025 time series.

India's life expectancy increased from:

58.6 years in 1990

to:

72 years in 2023.

India and the High-Human-Development Threshold

India's HDI value:

0.685

places it relatively close to the threshold for:

High Human Development = 0.700

But it remains officially classified as:

Medium Human Development.

HDI Does Not Measure Everything

HDI is extremely useful, but it is still a summary measure.

It does not fully capture:

• inequality,

• gender inequality,

• poverty,

• political freedom,

• environmental sustainability,

• personal security,

• every aspect of wellbeing.

UNDP therefore publishes several complementary indices.

Important Related Indices

1. IHDI

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

It adjusts HDI achievements according to inequality in their distribution.

2. GDI

Gender Development Index

It examines gender gaps in human-development achievements.

3. GII

Gender Inequality Index

It captures gender inequality across dimensions such as reproductive health, empowerment and labour-market participation.

4. MPI

Multidimensional Poverty Index

It examines overlapping deprivations in areas such as:

• health,

• education,

• living standards.

5. PHDI

Planetary Pressures-adjusted Human Development Index

It adjusts human-development achievements by considering pressures on the planet.

HDI vs IHDI

HDI

Measures average achievements.

IHDI

Adjusts those achievements for:

Inequality

If there were no inequality:

HDI = IHDI

As inequality increases:

IHDI falls below HDI

India and Inequality

In HDR 2025:

India's HDI:

0.685

India's inequality-adjusted HDI:

0.475

The overall loss due to inequality is reported as:

30.7%.

This illustrates why national averages alone do not reveal how development achievements are distributed.

HDI vs World Happiness Report

This is a very important exam distinction.

Remember

HDI → Health + Education + Income

Happiness → Life Evaluation

HDI vs GDP

A country can have high income but still perform relatively poorly in some human-development dimensions.

HDI vs MPI

HDI

Measures average human-development achievement at a broad national level.

MPI

Identifies multiple simultaneous deprivations experienced by households/people.

Easy Trick

HDI → Development

MPI → Poverty

Common Exam Traps

Trap 1

HDI was introduced in 2000.

❌ Incorrect.

1990

Trap 2

HDI is published by the World Bank.

❌ Incorrect.

UNDP

Trap 3

HDI is based only on income.

❌ Incorrect.

It has three dimensions:

Health + Education + Standard of Living

Trap 4

Education is measured only by literacy rate.

❌ Incorrect.

It uses:

Mean Years of Schooling + Expected Years of Schooling

Trap 5

Income dimension uses nominal GDP per capita.

❌ Incorrect.

GNI per capita adjusted for PPP

is the relevant HDI indicator.

Trap 6

HDI is calculated using an arithmetic mean.

❌ Incorrect.

Geometric Mean

Trap 7

An HDI of 0.750 belongs to Very High Human Development.

❌ Incorrect.

0.750 falls under:

High Human Development

Trap 8

India is currently in the High Human Development category.

❌ Incorrect.

With an HDI of 0.685 in HDR 2025:

India → Medium Human Development.

Trap 9

India ranks 134th in the latest HDR.

❌ Outdated for the latest report.

The 2023/24 report placed India 134th using its then-current 2022 dataset.

The Human Development Report 2025 reports:

India → Rank 130/193

using 2023 data.

Memory Trick

Remember:

H – E – I

H

Health

→ Life Expectancy

E

Education

→ Mean Years + Expected Years of Schooling

I

Income

→ GNI per capita

Then:

HEI → HDI

Category Trick

55 – 70 – 80

Below .550 → Low

.550–.699 → Medium

.700–.799 → High

.800+ → Very High

One-Line Revision

The Human Development Index, introduced through UNDP's Human Development Report in 1990, measures average achievement in health, education and standard of living using life expectancy at birth, expected and mean years of schooling, and GNI per capita, with the three dimension indices combined through a geometric mean.

Quick Revision

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

→ HDI

→ Introduced: 1990

→ Published by: UNDP

→ Report: Human Development Report

→ Three dimensions: Health + Education + Income

→ Health: Life Expectancy at Birth

→ Education: Expected Years of Schooling + Mean Years of Schooling

→ Income: GNI per capita (PPP)

→ HDI range: 0–1

→ Calculation: Geometric Mean

→ Low: <0.550

→ Medium: 0.550–0.699

→ High: 0.700–0.799

→ Very High: ≥0.800

→ HDR 2025: A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI

→ India rank: 130/193

→ India HDI: 0.685

→ India category: Medium

→ India life expectancy: 72 years

→ Related indices: IHDI, GDI, GII, MPI, PHDI

हिन्दी अनुभाग

परिचय

मानव विकास सूचकांक (HDI) विभिन्न देशों में मानव विकास के स्तर की तुलना करने वाला एक महत्वपूर्ण अंतरराष्ट्रीय सूचकांक है।

इसे:

संयुक्त राष्ट्र विकास कार्यक्रम (UNDP)

द्वारा प्रकाशित:

मानव विकास रिपोर्ट

के अंतर्गत प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।

इसकी शुरुआत:

1990

में हुई।

HDI की मूल अवधारणा है:

विकास का मूल्यांकन केवल आर्थिक वृद्धि से नहीं, बल्कि लोगों और उनकी क्षमताओं से होना चाहिए।

UNDP के अनुसार HDI मानव विकास के तीन मूल आयामों में औसत उपलब्धियों का संक्षिप्त माप है।

मुख्य तथ्य

HDI क्यों बनाया गया?

पहले विकास को अक्सर:

GDP और आर्थिक वृद्धि

के आधार पर देखा जाता था।

लेकिन केवल यह जानना पर्याप्त नहीं है कि देश कितना धन पैदा करता है।

यह भी महत्वपूर्ण है:

• लोग कितने वर्ष जीवित रहते हैं,

• उन्हें कितनी शिक्षा मिलती है,

• उनका जीवन स्तर कैसा है,

• उनके पास अपनी क्षमताओं को विकसित करने के कितने अवसर हैं।

इसी कारण HDI का केंद्र है:

People and Capabilities

न कि केवल आर्थिक उत्पादन।

HDI से जुड़े प्रमुख व्यक्ति

मानव विकास की अवधारणा से दो प्रमुख नाम जुड़े हैं:

महबूब उल हक

और:

अमर्त्य सेन

महबूब उल हक ने Human Development Report को विकसित करने और प्रारंभ करने में केंद्रीय भूमिका निभाई।

अमर्त्य सेन के:

Capability Approach

ने मानव विकास की वैचारिक पृष्ठभूमि को गहराई से प्रभावित किया।

परीक्षा सूत्र

HDI → Mahbub ul Haq + Amartya Sen

HDI के तीन आयाम

1. स्वास्थ्य

आयाम:

लंबा और स्वस्थ जीवन

संकेतक:

जन्म के समय जीवन प्रत्याशा

2. शिक्षा

आयाम:

ज्ञान

इसके दो संकेतक हैं:

Mean Years of Schooling

औसत स्कूली शिक्षा वर्ष

Expected Years of Schooling

अपेक्षित स्कूली शिक्षा वर्ष

3. जीवन स्तर

आयाम:

सम्मानजनक जीवन स्तर

संकेतक:

प्रति व्यक्ति सकल राष्ट्रीय आय

जिसे क्रय शक्ति समता के आधार पर समायोजित किया जाता है।

परीक्षा के लिए सटीक उत्तर

केवल:

जीवन प्रत्याशा + शिक्षा + प्रति व्यक्ति आय

लिखने के बजाय अधिक सटीक उत्तर है:

स्वास्थ्य

Life Expectancy at Birth

शिक्षा

Mean Years of Schooling + Expected Years of Schooling

आय

GNI per capita (PPP)

शिक्षा के दो संकेतक

औसत स्कूली शिक्षा वर्ष

यह सामान्यतः:

25 वर्ष और उससे अधिक आयु के वयस्कों

द्वारा प्राप्त शिक्षा के औसत वर्षों को मापता है।

अपेक्षित स्कूली शिक्षा वर्ष

यह बताता है कि स्कूल में प्रवेश करने वाला बच्चा वर्तमान नामांकन प्रवृत्तियों के आधार पर लगभग कितने वर्षों की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने की अपेक्षा कर सकता है।

याद रखें

Education = MYS + EYS

आय का सही संकेतक

HDI में केवल:

GDP per capita

नहीं लिया जाता।

सही संकेतक है:

GNI per capita

अर्थात:

प्रति व्यक्ति सकल राष्ट्रीय आय

इसे क्रय शक्ति समता के आधार पर समायोजित किया जाता है।

HDI का मान

HDI का मान:

0 से 1

के बीच होता है।

मान जितना:

1 के निकट

होगा, मानव विकास सामान्यतः उतना अधिक माना जाएगा।

HDI की चार श्रेणियाँ

ये UNDP की वर्तमान वर्गीकरण सीमाएँ हैं।

श्रेणी याद करने की ट्रिक

55 – 70 – 80

0.550 से कम

निम्न

0.550–0.699

मध्यम

0.700–0.799

उच्च

0.800+

बहुत उच्च

HDI की गणना

HDI के तीन आयामों के सामान्यीकृत सूचकांकों का:

ज्यामितीय माध्य

लिया जाता है।

सरल रूप में:

HDI = (Health Index × Education Index × Income Index)^(1/3)

UNDP HDI को इन तीन आयामों के सामान्यीकृत सूचकांकों के geometric mean के रूप में परिभाषित करता है।

Human Development Report 2025

वर्तमान नवीनतम उपलब्ध रिपोर्ट है:

Human Development Report 2025

इसका शीर्षक है:

A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI

इसमें मानव विकास और:

कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता

के बीच संबंध पर विशेष ध्यान दिया गया है।

भारत की नवीनतम स्थिति

Human Development Report 2025 के अनुसार:

🇮🇳 भारत की रैंक → 130/193

भारत का 2023 HDI value:

0.685

है।

भारत की श्रेणी:

Medium Human Development

अर्थात:

मध्यम मानव विकास

है।

भारत के प्रमुख HDI आँकड़े

भारत में सुधार

भारत का HDI value:

2022 → 0.676

से बढ़कर:

2023 → 0.685

हो गया।

UNDP की नवीनतम संशोधित time series में भारत की रैंक:

2022 → 133

से:

2023 → 130

हुई।

134 या 130 – कौन-सी रैंक सही है?

यह एक महत्वपूर्ण current-affairs trap है।

Human Development Report 2023/24

भारत:

134/193

HDI:

0.644

Data year:

2022

था।

Human Development Report 2025

नवीनतम रिपोर्ट में:

India → 130/193

HDI:

0.685

Data year:

2023

है।

इसलिए प्रश्न में:

Report Year

अवश्य देखें।

भारत High HDI से कितना दूर है?

भारत का HDI है:

0.685

High Human Development की सीमा शुरू होती है:

0.700

से।

इसलिए भारत इस सीमा के निकट है, लेकिन वर्तमान आधिकारिक श्रेणी अभी भी:

Medium Human Development

है।

HDI की सीमाएँ

HDI अत्यंत उपयोगी है, लेकिन यह मानव विकास के हर पहलू को नहीं मापता।

यह पूरी तरह नहीं दर्शाता:

• आय असमानता,

• लैंगिक असमानता,

• बहुआयामी गरीबी,

• पर्यावरणीय दबाव,

• व्यक्तिगत सुरक्षा,

• राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता,

• जीवन की सभी सामाजिक परिस्थितियाँ।

इसलिए UNDP अन्य पूरक सूचकांक भी प्रकाशित करता है।

IHDI

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

यह HDI को:

असमानता

के प्रभाव के अनुसार समायोजित करता है।

यदि कोई असमानता न हो:

HDI = IHDI

असमानता बढ़ने पर:

IHDI < HDI

भारत का IHDI

HDR 2025 में:

HDI

0.685

IHDI

0.475

असमानता के कारण कुल हानि

30.7%

GDI

Gender Development Index

यह महिला और पुरुष के बीच मानव विकास उपलब्धियों में अंतर का अध्ययन करता है।

GII

Gender Inequality Index

यह लैंगिक असमानता के विभिन्न आयामों को मापता है।

MPI

Multidimensional Poverty Index

यह एक साथ होने वाली कई प्रकार की वंचनाओं का अध्ययन करता है।

मुख्य क्षेत्रों में शामिल हैं:

• स्वास्थ्य,

• शिक्षा,

• जीवन स्तर।

PHDI

Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI

यह मानव विकास को पर्यावरण और पृथ्वी पर पड़ने वाले दबावों के संदर्भ में समायोजित करने का प्रयास करता है।

HDI बनाम World Happiness Report

याद रखें

HDI → Health + Education + Income

Happiness → Life Evaluation

HDI बनाम GDP

HDI

बहुआयामी माप है।

इसमें:

• स्वास्थ्य,

• शिक्षा,

• आय

शामिल हैं।

GDP

मुख्य रूप से:

आर्थिक उत्पादन

का माप है।

इसलिए:

GDP ≠ Human Development

परीक्षा में सामान्य भ्रम

भ्रम 1

HDI की शुरुआत 2000 में हुई।

❌ गलत

1990

भ्रम 2

HDI World Bank जारी करता है।

❌ गलत

UNDP

भ्रम 3

HDI केवल आय पर आधारित है।

❌ गलत

स्वास्थ्य + शिक्षा + आय

भ्रम 4

शिक्षा को केवल literacy rate से मापा जाता है।

❌ गलत

Mean Years + Expected Years of Schooling

भ्रम 5

HDI में GDP per capita मुख्य income indicator है।

❌ गलत

GNI per capita

भ्रम 6

HDI की गणना arithmetic mean से होती है।

❌ गलत

Geometric Mean

भ्रम 7

0.750 का HDI Very High श्रेणी में आता है।

❌ गलत

High Human Development

भ्रम 8

भारत नवीनतम रिपोर्ट में High Human Development श्रेणी में है।

❌ गलत

Medium Human Development

भ्रम 9

भारत की नवीनतम HDI rank 134 है।

❌ अब पुराना तथ्य।

2023/24 HDR में भारत की रैंक 134 थी।

नवीनतम HDR 2025 में:

India → 130/193

याद रखने की ट्रिक

H – E – I

H → Health

Life Expectancy

E → Education

MYS + EYS

I → Income

GNI per capita

HEI = HDI

एक पंक्ति में HDI

मानव विकास सूचकांक UNDP द्वारा प्रकाशित मानव विकास रिपोर्ट का एक समग्र सूचकांक है, जो स्वास्थ्य के लिए जन्म के समय जीवन प्रत्याशा, शिक्षा के लिए औसत एवं अपेक्षित स्कूली शिक्षा वर्ष तथा जीवन स्तर के लिए प्रति व्यक्ति सकल राष्ट्रीय आय का उपयोग करता है और इन आयामों को ज्यामितीय माध्य द्वारा जोड़ता है।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

HDI

→ शुरुआत: 1990

→ संस्था: UNDP

→ रिपोर्ट: Human Development Report

→ तीन आयाम: स्वास्थ्य + शिक्षा + आय

→ स्वास्थ्य: Life Expectancy at Birth

→ शिक्षा: MYS + EYS

→ आय: GNI per capita (PPP)

→ HDI range: 0–1

→ Calculation: Geometric Mean

→ Low: <0.550

→ Medium: 0.550–0.699

→ High: 0.700–0.799

→ Very High: ≥0.800

→ HDR 2025: A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI

→ India: 130/193

→ India HDI: 0.685

→ India category: Medium

→ Life expectancy: 72 years

→ Related: IHDI + GDI + GII + MPI + PHDI

Practice MCQs

1. Human Development Index was introduced in:

A. 1980
B. 1985
C. 1990
D. 2000

Answer: C. 1990

2. HDI is published by:

A. World Bank
B. IMF
C. UNDP
D. WTO

Answer: C. UNDP

3. HDI is published as part of:

A. World Development Report
B. Human Development Report
C. Global Happiness Report
D. World Economic Outlook

Answer: B. Human Development Report

4. How many basic dimensions are used in HDI?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

Answer: B. 3

5. Which is NOT one of the three basic HDI dimensions?

A. Health
B. Education
C. Standard of living
D. Military strength

Answer: D. Military strength

6. Health in HDI is measured by:

A. Number of hospitals
B. Life expectancy at birth
C. Infant population
D. Number of doctors only

Answer: B

7. Education in HDI is measured using:

A. Literacy rate only
B. University enrolment only
C. Mean and expected years of schooling
D. School count only

Answer: C

8. Mean Years of Schooling principally concerns:

A. Children below 5
B. Adults aged 25 and above
C. Only university students
D. Teachers

Answer: B

9. The standard-of-living dimension uses:

A. GDP growth rate
B. GNI per capita
C. Total exports
D. Tax revenue

Answer: B

10. HDI is calculated using:

A. Arithmetic mean
B. Median
C. Geometric mean
D. Mode

Answer: C

11. The HDI scale broadly ranges from:

A. 0–1
B. 0–10
C. 0–100
D. −1 to +1

Answer: A

12. An HDI value of 0.820 belongs to:

A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Very High

Answer: D

13. An HDI value of 0.750 belongs to:

A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Very High

Answer: C

14. An HDI value of 0.650 belongs to:

A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Very High

Answer: B

15. Low Human Development corresponds to:

A. Below 0.550
B. Below 0.700
C. Above 0.800
D. Exactly 0.500 only

Answer: A

16. India is in which category in HDR 2025?

A. Very High
B. High
C. Medium
D. Low

Answer: C. Medium

17. India's HDI rank in Human Development Report 2025 is:

A. 118
B. 126
C. 130
D. 134

Answer: C. 130

18. India's HDI value for 2023 is:

A. 0.485
B. 0.585
C. 0.685
D. 0.885

Answer: C. 0.685

19. India's life expectancy in the 2023 data is approximately:

A. 52 years
B. 62 years
C. 72 years
D. 82 years

Answer: C. 72 years

20. The title of Human Development Report 2025 is:

A. Breaking the Gridlock
B. A Matter of Choice: People and Possibilities in the Age of AI
C. Human Development for Everyone
D. The Next Frontier

Answer: B

21. Which economist is strongly associated with the development of the Human Development Report?

A. Mahbub ul Haq
B. Milton Friedman
C. David Ricardo
D. Alfred Marshall

Answer: A

22. Which Indian economist's capability approach is closely associated with human-development thinking?

A. Amartya Sen
B. Manmohan Singh
C. Raghuram Rajan
D. Jagdish Bhagwati

Answer: A. Amartya Sen

23. IHDI adjusts HDI for:

A. Inflation
B. Inequality
C. Population only
D. Exchange rates only

Answer: B. Inequality

24. MPI primarily deals with:

A. Happiness
B. Military power
C. Multidimensional poverty
D. International trade

Answer: C

25. Which formula best summarises HDI?

A. Health + Education + Income dimensions
B. Population + Area + Trade
C. Inflation + Exports + Imports
D. Happiness + Corruption + Freedom

Answer: A