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Article 13 provides for judicial review of both pre-constitutional and post-constitutional laws.

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Consider the following statements:

  1. Article 13 provides for judicial review of both pre-constitutional and post-constitutional laws.
  2. Article 13 declares that all laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights shall be null and void.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Options / विकल्प

A. Neither 1 nor 2
न तो 1 और न ही 2

B. 2 only
केवल 2

C. 1 only
केवल 1

D. Both 1 and 2
1 और 2 दोनों


Correct Answer / सही उत्तर

D. Both 1 and 2
1 और 2 दोनों


Detailed Explanation / विस्तृत व्याख्या

Statement 1: Correct ✅

Hindi

अनुच्छेद 13 भारतीय संविधान में न्यायिक पुनर्विलोकन (Judicial Review) का आधार प्रदान करता है।

यह दो प्रकार के कानूनों पर लागू होता है:

  • पूर्व-संवैधानिक कानून (Pre-Constitutional Laws) – संविधान लागू होने से पहले बने कानून।
  • पश्चात्-संवैधानिक कानून (Post-Constitutional Laws) – संविधान लागू होने के बाद बने कानून।

अनुच्छेद 13(1) पूर्व-संवैधानिक कानूनों से संबंधित है।
अनुच्छेद 13(2) पश्चात्-संवैधानिक कानूनों से संबंधित है।

अतः कथन 1 सही है।

English

Article 13 forms the constitutional basis of Judicial Review in India.

It covers:

  • Pre-Constitutional Laws through Article 13(1)
  • Post-Constitutional Laws through Article 13(2)

Therefore, Article 13 enables courts to examine both categories of laws for consistency with Fundamental Rights.

Hence, Statement 1 is correct.


Statement 2: Correct ✅

Hindi

अनुच्छेद 13(2) स्पष्ट रूप से कहता है कि राज्य ऐसा कोई कानून नहीं बनाएगा जो मौलिक अधिकारों (Fundamental Rights) को छीनता हो या सीमित करता हो।

यदि ऐसा कोई कानून बनाया जाता है, तो वह उस सीमा तक शून्य (Void) माना जाएगा, जहाँ तक वह मौलिक अधिकारों का उल्लंघन करता है।

अतः कथन 2 भी सही है।

English

Article 13(2) states that the State shall not make any law that takes away or abridges Fundamental Rights.

Any such law shall be void to the extent of inconsistency with Fundamental Rights.

Hence, Statement 2 is also correct.


Important Provisions of Article 13

ClauseProvision
Article 13(1)Pre-Constitutional Laws
Article 13(2)Post-Constitutional Laws
Article 13(3)Defines "Law"
Article 13(4)Constitutional Amendments (added after 24th Amendment)

Important Doctrines Related to Article 13

1. Doctrine of Eclipse

Hindi:
संविधान-पूर्व कानून यदि मौलिक अधिकारों से असंगत हों तो वे पूर्णतः समाप्त नहीं होते, बल्कि निष्क्रिय (eclipsed) हो जाते हैं।

English:
A pre-constitutional law inconsistent with Fundamental Rights is not completely dead; it remains eclipsed and becomes inoperative to that extent.


2. Doctrine of Severability

Hindi:
यदि किसी कानून का केवल एक भाग असंवैधानिक है, तो केवल वही भाग शून्य होगा, पूरा कानून नहीं।

English:
Only the unconstitutional portion of a law is struck down if it can be separated from the valid part.


Important Cases / महत्वपूर्ण मामले

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)

  • Introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine.
  • Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its basic structure.

Golak Nath v. State of Punjab (1967)

  • Initially held that Parliament could not amend Fundamental Rights.

Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951)

  • Held that Constitutional Amendments are not "law" under Article 13.

Exam Point / परीक्षा हेतु महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

Article 13 = Guardian of Fundamental Rights

Article 13(1) → Pre-Constitutional Laws

Article 13(2) → Post-Constitutional Laws

Provides the basis of Judicial Review

Any law violating Fundamental Rights becomes void to the extent of inconsistency


One-Liner for Exams

Article 13 empowers judicial review and declares laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights void.

अनुच्छेद 13 न्यायिक पुनर्विलोकन की शक्ति प्रदान करता है तथा मौलिक अधिकारों के विरुद्ध कानूनों को शून्य घोषित करता है।

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