Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
Introduction
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is responsible for formulating India's Monetary Policy.
- It was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 through the RBI Amendment Act, 2016.
- Formed based on the recommendations of the Urjit Patel Committee.
- MPC aims to control inflation while supporting economic growth.
Objectives of MPC
- Control inflation.
- Maintain price stability.
- Support economic growth.
- Determine policy rates such as Repo Rate.
Composition of MPC
MPC consists of 6 members.
RBI Members (3)
- RBI Governor (Chairperson)
- Deputy Governor in charge of Monetary Policy
- One RBI official nominated by the Central Board
Government Members (3)
- Appointed by the Central Government.
-
Experts from:
- Economics
- Banking
- Finance
Decision-Making Process
- Each member has one vote.
- Decisions are taken by majority vote.
- In case of a tie, the RBI Governor has the casting vote.
Monetary Policy Instruments
Repo Rate
- Rate at which RBI lends money to commercial banks for short-term needs.
- Increase in Repo Rate → Loans become costlier.
- Decrease in Repo Rate → Loans become cheaper.
Exam Fact
Repo Rate = RBI lends to Banks
Reverse Repo Rate
- Rate at which RBI borrows money from commercial banks.
Exam Fact
Reverse Repo = Banks lend to RBI
Bank Rate
- Rate at which RBI provides long-term loans to commercial banks.
Exam Fact
Bank Rate = Long-Term Borrowing Rate
Standing Deposit Facility (SDF)
- Allows RBI to absorb excess liquidity from banks.
- No collateral is required.
Exam Fact
SDF = Liquidity Absorption without Collateral
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
- Emergency borrowing window for banks.
- Banks can borrow overnight funds from RBI.
Exam Fact
MSF = Emergency Loan Facility
Liquidity Management Tools
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
- Used for day-to-day liquidity management.
-
Operates through:
- Repo Rate
- Reverse Repo Rate
Exam Fact
LAF = Daily Liquidity Management Tool
LAF Corridor
-
Range between:
- MSF Rate
- SDF Rate
Fine-Tuning Operations
- Conducted for short-term liquidity adjustments.
Reserve Ratios
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
- Percentage of deposits banks must keep with RBI as cash.
Formula
CRR = (Cash with RBI ÷ Net Demand and Time Liabilities) × 100
Exam Fact
CRR is maintained with RBI.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
- Percentage of deposits banks must maintain in liquid assets.
Includes
- Cash
- Gold
- Government Securities
Exam Fact
SLR is maintained by banks themselves.
Open Market Operations (OMO)
Meaning
- RBI buys and sells government securities in the open market.
Purpose
- Control money supply.
- Regulate liquidity.
- Influence interest rates.
Exam Fact
OMO = Purchase and Sale of Government Securities
Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy
Monetary Policy
- Managed by RBI.
-
Deals with:
- Interest Rates
- Money Supply
- Inflation
Fiscal Policy
- Managed by Government.
-
Deals with:
- Taxes
- Government Expenditure
- Public Borrowing
Exam Fact
MPC deals only with Monetary Policy, not Fiscal Policy.
Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit
Recent Appointment
- Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit appointed as Vice Chief of Air Staff.
About
- Fighter Pilot and Experimental Test Pilot.
- Former Chief of Integrated Defence Staff.
Position
- Vice Chief of Air Staff is the second-highest officer in the Indian Air Force.
Responsibilities
- Operational Planning.
- Force Modernisation.
- Strategic Military Initiatives.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Introduction
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- India has one of the highest TB burdens in the world.
Types of TB
Pulmonary TB
- Affects lungs.
- Most infectious form.
- Responsible for transmission of TB.
Exam Fact
Pulmonary TB = Lung TB
Extrapulmonary TB
- Affects organs outside the lungs.
- More difficult to diagnose.
Examples
- Lymph Nodes
- Bones
- Brain
- Kidneys
Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
- Person is infected with TB bacteria.
- No symptoms are present.
- Disease remains inactive.
Exam Fact
LTBI = Infection Present, Symptoms Absent
Subclinical TB
- Infection exists.
- Symptoms are very mild or absent.
- Difficult to detect.
Active TB Disease
- Symptoms become visible.
- Medical treatment is required.
Prevent TB Trial
Conducted By
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Objective
- Development of vaccines against TB.
Immunovac Vaccine
- Developed by Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL).
- Designed especially against Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis.
VPM1002 Vaccine
- Developed by Serum Institute of India (SII).
- Under evaluation for TB prevention.
TB Elimination Strategy
Better Detection
- Early diagnosis.
- Use of modern diagnostic technologies.
- Community-level screening.
Preventive Therapy
- Treatment of latent TB infection.
- Prevent progression to active TB.
Vaccination
- New vaccine trials being conducted.
- Target groups identified for protection.
Nutritional Support
- Better food security.
- Improved immunity.
- Better health outcomes.
TruNat
Introduction
- Molecular diagnostic testing platform.
- Used under India's National TB Elimination Programme.
Purpose
- Rapid detection of TB.
- Early diagnosis and treatment.
Exam Fact
TruNat = Rapid Molecular TB Test
Smart Border Project
Objective
India plans to develop technology-driven Smart Borders along sensitive international borders, especially with Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Challenges Addressed
- Human trafficking
- Cross-border smuggling
- Illegal arms trafficking
- Fake currency circulation
- Drug trafficking
- Illegal infiltration
Four-Layer Smart Border Model
1. Advanced Technology Layer
- Smart sensors
- Surveillance systems
- Modern monitoring equipment
- Real-time detection technologies
2. Local Administration Layer
- Better district coordination.
- Information sharing.
- Community support and monitoring.
3. Border Sentinel Layer
- Personnel deployed for continuous monitoring.
4. Security Forces Layer
- BSF and other agencies provide security and patrolling.
Border Security Force (BSF)
Established
- 1965
Ministry
- Ministry of Home Affairs
Functions
- Guard India's international borders.
- Prevent cross-border crimes.
- Stop smuggling activities.
Exam Fact
BSF guards India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh borders.
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
Functions
-
Guards India's borders with:
- Nepal
- Bhutan
Ministry
- Ministry of Home Affairs
Exam Fact
SSB = Nepal & Bhutan Borders
GDP Growth
Recent Growth Rates
- FY 2023-24 → 7.1%
- FY 2024-25 → 7.1%
- FY 2025-26 → 7.7%
- FY 2027-28 → 7.2%
Importance of High GDP Growth
A higher GDP growth rate generally indicates:
- Increased production of goods and services.
- Higher employment opportunities.
- Better business activity.
- Rising income and consumption.
- Higher government revenue.
- Greater investor confidence.
GDP Formula
Where:
- C = Consumption
- I = Investment
- G = Government Expenditure
- X = Exports
- M = Imports
Nominal GDP
- Measured at current market prices.
- Inflation is not adjusted.
Exam Fact
Nominal GDP = Current Prices
Real GDP
- Measured using a fixed base year.
- Effect of inflation is removed.
Exam Fact
Real GDP = Inflation Adjusted GDP
MPC में कुल 6 सदस्य होते हैं। Repo Rate = RBI बैंकों को ऋण देता है Reverse Repo = बैंक RBI को ऋण देते हैं Bank Rate = दीर्घकालीन ऋण दर SDF = बिना गिरवी के तरलता अवशोषण MSF = आपातकालीन ऋण सुविधा LAF = दैनिक तरलता प्रबंधन CRR RBI के पास रखा जाता है। SLR बैंक स्वयं अपने पास रखते हैं। OMO = सरकारी प्रतिभूतियों की खरीद-बिक्री MPC केवल मौद्रिक नीति से संबंधित है, राजकोषीय नीति से नहीं। Pulmonary TB = फेफड़ों की TB LTBI = संक्रमण मौजूद, लक्षण नहीं TruNat = TB की त्वरित जांच प्रणाली भारत पाकिस्तान एवं बांग्लादेश सीमा पर प्रौद्योगिकी आधारित स्मार्ट सीमा प्रबंधन प्रणाली विकसित कर रहा है। BSF भारत-पाकिस्तान एवं भारत-बांग्लादेश सीमा की सुरक्षा करती है। SSB = नेपाल एवं भूटान सीमा सुरक्षा बल
जहाँ, Nominal GDP = वर्तमान मूल्य पर GDP Real GDP = मुद्रास्फीति समायोजित GDPमौद्रिक नीति समिति (Monetary Policy Committee - MPC)
परिचय
MPC के उद्देश्य
MPC की संरचना
RBI के 3 सदस्य
केंद्र सरकार के 3 सदस्य
निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया
मौद्रिक नीति के प्रमुख उपकरण
रेपो दर (Repo Rate)
प्रभाव
परीक्षा तथ्य
रिवर्स रेपो दर (Reverse Repo Rate)
परीक्षा तथ्य
बैंक दर (Bank Rate)
परीक्षा तथ्य
स्टैंडिंग डिपॉजिट फैसिलिटी (SDF)
परीक्षा तथ्य
मार्जिनल स्टैंडिंग फैसिलिटी (MSF)
परीक्षा तथ्य
तरलता प्रबंधन उपकरण (Liquidity Management Tools)
तरलता समायोजन सुविधा (LAF)
परीक्षा तथ्य
LAF कॉरिडोर
फाइन ट्यूनिंग ऑपरेशन
आरक्षित अनुपात (Reserve Ratios)
नकद आरक्षित अनुपात (CRR)
परीक्षा तथ्य
वैधानिक तरलता अनुपात (SLR)
इसमें शामिल हैं
परीक्षा तथ्य
खुले बाजार की क्रियाएँ (Open Market Operations - OMO)
अर्थ
उद्देश्य
परीक्षा तथ्य
मौद्रिक नीति एवं राजकोषीय नीति में अंतर
मौद्रिक नीति
राजकोषीय नीति
परीक्षा तथ्य
एयर मार्शल आशुतोष दीक्षित
हालिया नियुक्ति
परिचय
पद का महत्व
प्रमुख कार्य
तपेदिक (Tuberculosis - TB)
परिचय
TB के प्रकार
फुफ्फुसीय तपेदिक (Pulmonary TB)
परीक्षा तथ्य
एक्स्ट्रा-पल्मोनरी TB
प्रभावित अंग
लैटेंट TB संक्रमण (LTBI)
परीक्षा तथ्य
सबक्लिनिकल TB
सक्रिय TB (Active TB)
Prevent TB Trial
संचालन
उद्देश्य
इम्यूनोवैक (Immuvac)
VPM1002 वैक्सीन
TB उन्मूलन की रणनीति
बेहतर पहचान (Better Detection)
निवारक उपचार (Preventive Therapy)
टीकाकरण (Vaccination)
पोषण सहायता
ट्रूनैट (TruNat)
परिचय
उद्देश्य
परीक्षा तथ्य
स्मार्ट बॉर्डर परियोजना
उद्देश्य
जिन समस्याओं का समाधान होगा
स्मार्ट बॉर्डर की चार स्तरीय व्यवस्था
1. उन्नत तकनीक स्तर
2. स्थानीय प्रशासन स्तर
3. बॉर्डर सेंटिनल स्तर
4. सुरक्षा बल स्तर
सीमा सुरक्षा बल (BSF)
स्थापना
मंत्रालय
प्रमुख कार्य
परीक्षा तथ्य
सशस्त्र सीमा बल (SSB)
प्रमुख कार्य
मंत्रालय
परीक्षा तथ्य
सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP)
हालिया वृद्धि दर
उच्च GDP वृद्धि के संकेत
GDP का सूत्र
नाममात्र GDP (Nominal GDP)
परीक्षा तथ्य
वास्तविक GDP (Real GDP)
परीक्षा तथ्य