Foreign Trade / विदेशी व्यापार
The source explains important external-sector concepts including Balance of Trade, Balance of Payments and Foreign Direct Investment. These concepts form the foundation of questions related to international trade and the external sector of an economy.
Source Foreign Trade से related important concepts—Balance of Trade, Balance of Payments तथा Foreign Direct Investment—को explain करता है। International trade तथा external sector से related questions के लिए ये foundational concepts हैं।
Balance of Trade – BoT / व्यापार संतुलन
Balance of Trade is the difference between a nation's imports and exports of goods and services as described in the source.
Source के अनुसार Balance of Trade किसी nation के imports तथा exports के बीच difference है।
Balanced BoT / संतुलित व्यापार
Exports = Imports.
Adverse BoT / प्रतिकूल व्यापार संतुलन
Exports < Imports.
Favourable BoT / अनुकूल व्यापार संतुलन
Exports > Imports.
Balance of Payments – BoP / भुगतान संतुलन
BoP records transactions in goods, services and assets between residents of a country and the rest of the world during a specified period, typically one year.
BoP एक specified period, generally one year, में country के residents और rest of the world के बीच goods, services तथा assets से related transactions record करता है।
Main Accounts of BoP / BoP के मुख्य खाते
- Current Account / चालू खाता
- Capital Account / पूंजी खाता
The source also mentions errors and omissions and changes in foreign-exchange reserves.
Source BoP में errors and omissions तथा changes in foreign-exchange reserves का भी उल्लेख करता है।
Foreign Direct Investment – FDI / प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश
The source defines FDI as investment in a foreign country through acquisition of a local company or establishment of an operation on a new greenfield site.
Source FDI को foreign country में local company के acquisition अथवा new greenfield site पर operation establish करके किए गए investment के रूप में explain करता है।
Direct investment implies control and managerial and possibly technical input.
Direct investment में control, managerial input तथा possibly technical input शामिल हो सकता है।
FDI Limits Listed in the Book / पुस्तक में दिए गए FDI Limits
The following percentages are reproduced from the source and should be treated as source-era figures because FDI rules can change over time.
- Multi-Brand Retail (food) → 100%
- Telecom Services → 100%
- Tea Plantation → 100%
- Asset Reconstruction Company → 100%
- Petroleum and Natural Gas → 49%
- Commodity Exchanges → 49%
- Insurance → 74%
- Power Exchanges → 49%
- Stock Exchanges/Clearing Corporations → 49%
- Pharma → 100% Greenfield; 74% Brownfield
- Courier Services → 100%
- Single Brand Product Retail Trading → 100%
- Defence Sector → 100%
- Airlines → 100%
BoT vs BoP / BoT एवं BoP में अंतर
BoT focuses on exports and imports, whereas BoP is broader and records external transactions involving goods, services and assets.
BoT मुख्यतः exports और imports से संबंधित है, जबकि BoP broader concept है जिसमें goods, services तथा assets से related external transactions record होते हैं।
Quick Revision / त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
- Exports = Imports → Balanced BoT
- Exports < Imports → Adverse BoT
- Exports > Imports → Favourable BoT
- BoP → Current Account + Capital Account in source
- FDI → Direct investment involving control/managerial input
- Greenfield → Establishment of a new operation