Coronary Artery Disease | कोरोनरी आर्टरी डिजीज
Why in News?
Recent biomedical research has examined how gut microorganisms and their metabolic products may influence cardiovascular health, including processes associated with coronary artery disease.
What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Coronary Artery Disease, or CAD, is a common form of heart disease affecting the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
What Happens in CAD?
In CAD, blood flow to the heart muscle becomes reduced because the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked.
Atherosclerosis
The most common underlying process is atherosclerosis. Fats, cholesterol, calcium and other substances accumulate within the walls of arteries and form deposits called plaques.
How Plaque Causes Disease
As plaque builds up, the artery becomes narrower and blood flow decreases. A plaque can also rupture, leading to formation of a blood clot that may suddenly block the artery and cause a heart attack.
Symptoms
- Chest pain or pressure, called angina.
- Shortness of breath.
- Reduced ability to exercise.
- Fatigue in some patients.
Heart Attack
A complete or sudden severe blockage of a coronary artery can cause myocardial infarction, commonly called a heart attack. Symptoms may include chest pressure, pain spreading to an arm, shoulder, jaw, back or upper abdomen, sweating, breathlessness, nausea or dizziness.
Major Risk Factors
- Tobacco use.
- High blood pressure.
- High LDL cholesterol.
- Diabetes.
- Obesity.
- Physical inactivity.
- Unhealthy diet.
- Increasing age and family history.
Diagnosis
Doctors may use medical history, physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiography, stress testing, echocardiography, CT-based coronary imaging or invasive coronary angiography depending on the patient's condition.
Treatment
Treatment depends on severity and may include lifestyle modification, medicines that control cholesterol or blood pressure and reduce clotting risk, and procedures such as angioplasty with stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery when medically indicated.
Prevention
A nutritious diet, regular physical activity, avoidance of tobacco, maintenance of healthy body weight, adequate sleep and control of blood pressure, diabetes and cholesterol can substantially reduce cardiovascular risk.
Important Dates
- 17th century: William Harvey's description of blood circulation transformed understanding of cardiovascular physiology.
- 20th century: Coronary angiography, bypass surgery and angioplasty transformed diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease.
- 1977: The first successful coronary balloon angioplasty in a human patient was performed by Andreas Grüntzig.
- 21st century: Research increasingly examines inflammation, genetics and the gut microbiome as additional contributors to cardiovascular risk.
Coronary Artery Disease | कोरोनरी आर्टरी डिजीज – हिंदी में विस्तृत विवरण
CAD क्या है?
Coronary Artery Disease heart disease का common form है जिसमें coronary arteries संकरी या blocked हो जाती हैं। ये arteries heart muscle को oxygen-rich blood देती हैं।
Atherosclerosis
CAD का सबसे सामान्य कारण atherosclerosis है। इसमें fats, cholesterol और अन्य substances artery wall में जमा होकर plaque बनाते हैं।
क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
Plaque के कारण artery narrow हो जाती है और heart muscle तक blood flow कम हो जाता है। यदि plaque rupture होकर clot बनाए और artery पूरी तरह block हो जाए, तो heart attack हो सकता है।
लक्षण
- Chest pain या pressure।
- Shortness of breath।
- Exercise tolerance कम होना।
- Fatigue।
Risk Factors
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Unhealthy diet
उपचार
Treatment में lifestyle changes, medicines, angioplasty और selected patients में bypass surgery शामिल हो सकती है। Treatment का चुनाव disease severity और individual medical condition पर निर्भर करता है।
रोकथाम
Healthy diet, regular exercise, tobacco avoidance, healthy weight और blood pressure, diabetes तथा cholesterol का उचित control CAD risk को कम करने में महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
महत्वपूर्ण तिथि
- 1977: Andreas Grüntzig ने पहली successful coronary balloon angioplasty की।