Nucleic Acids / न्यूक्लिक अम्ल
The source states that nucleic acids contain genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of living organisms. It divides them into DNA and RNA.
Nucleic Acids living organisms के development और functioning से related genetic instructions contain करते हैं। इनके two major types DNA और RNA हैं।
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid / डीएनए
DNA is described as a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides.
DNA एक long polymer है जो repeating units called Nucleotides से बना होता है।
Four Bases of DNA / DNA के चार Bases
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid / आरएनए
RNA is also made of a long chain of nucleotides. The source notes that RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
RNA भी nucleotides की long chain से बना होता है। इसमें Thymine के स्थान पर Uracil होता है।
DNA vs RNA – Key Exam Difference / मुख्य अंतर
- DNA → Thymine present
- RNA → Uracil present instead of thymine
Human Systems / मानव तंत्र
The source explains that cells in humans and other multicellular animals are organised into tissues; tissues form organs; and groups of organs working together form organ systems.
Cells मिलकर tissues, tissues मिलकर organs तथा organs मिलकर organ systems form करते हैं।
Digestion / पाचन
Digestion is the process by which complex food is converted into simpler components with the help of digestive enzymes. The source describes it as a hydrolysis process.
Digestive enzymes की help से complex food का simple components में conversion Digestion कहलाता है।
Respiration / श्वसन
The source describes respiration as an oxidative process involving oxidation of food substances such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins to form carbon dioxide and water and release energy.
Respiration में carbohydrate, fat तथा proteins जैसे food substances का oxidation होता है, जिससे CO₂, water और energy produce होते हैं।
Aerobic Respiration / वायवीय श्वसन
Respiration with oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
Oxygen की presence में respiration → Aerobic Respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration / अवायवीय श्वसन
Respiration without oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
Oxygen के बिना respiration → Anaerobic Respiration.
Respiratory Organs of Animals / जन्तुओं के श्वसन अंग
- Lungs → Reptiles and mammals
- Skin → Frog, earthworm and leeches
- Gills → Fishes, tadpoles and prawns
- Tracheae → Insects, centipedes and millipedes
- Body surface → Protozoans, Porifera and Coelenterates
- Book lungs → Spider and scorpion
- Book gills → King crab, prawn, crayfish and Daphnia
- Air sacs/lungs → Birds
Quick Revision / त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
- DNA → Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
- RNA → Uracil instead of Thymine
- Digestion → Hydrolysis process in source
- Aerobic → With O₂
- Anaerobic → Without O₂
- Earthworm → Skin
- Fish → Gills
- Insects → Tracheae
- Spider → Book lungs