Environment and Ecology / पर्यावरण एवं पारिस्थितिकी
The book begins its Environment and Ecology section with foundational definitions. These concepts are important because almost every environment question builds upon terms such as ecosystem, biodiversity, biosphere, wildlife, ozone, acid rain and sustainability.
Book Environment and Ecology section की शुरुआत foundational definitions से करता है। Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Biosphere, Wildlife, Ozone, Acid Rain और Sustainability जैसे terms लगभग हर environmental topic के लिए foundation का काम करते हैं।
Environment / पर्यावरण
Environment includes all external conditions, factors, matter and energy—living and non-living—that affect a living organism or another specified system.
Environment में वे सभी external conditions, factors, matter और energy शामिल हैं—living तथा non-living—जो किसी living organism या specified system को affect करते हैं।
Ecology / पारिस्थितिकी
Ecology is the biological science that studies relationships between living organisms and their environment. The source also describes it as the study of the structure and functions of nature.
Ecology वह biological science है जो living organisms और उनके environment के relationships का अध्ययन करती है। स्रोत इसे nature की structure और functions के study के रूप में भी define करता है।
Ecosystem / पारितंत्र
An ecosystem is a unit containing all organisms or biological components in a given area interacting with the physical environment. These interactions produce energy flow, trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycles.
Ecosystem एक ऐसी unit है जिसमें किसी area के organisms अर्थात biological components, physical environment के साथ interact करते हैं। इन interactions से energy flow, trophic structure, biotic diversity और material cycles develop होते हैं।
Biome / बायोम
A biome is a terrestrial region characterised by particular types of vegetation and other forms of life. Examples include deserts, grasslands and forests.
Biome terrestrial region है जिसकी पहचान particular vegetation तथा other forms of life से होती है। Deserts, grasslands और forests इसके examples हैं।
Wetland / आर्द्रभूमि
The source defines a wetland as land covered all or part of the time with saltwater or freshwater, excluding streams, lakes and the open ocean.
स्रोत Wetland को ऐसी land बताता है जो पूरे या कुछ समय saltwater या freshwater से covered रहती है, जबकि streams, lakes और open ocean को इस definition से exclude किया गया है।
Biodiversity / जैव विविधता
Biodiversity includes several dimensions:
- Species Diversity: Variety of different species.
- Genetic Diversity: Genetic variability among individuals within a species.
- Ecological Diversity: Variety of ecosystems.
- Functional Diversity: Functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for survival of species and biological communities.
Biodiversity केवल species की संख्या नहीं है। इसमें genetic, ecosystem और functional diversity भी शामिल हैं।
Biosphere / जीवमंडल
The biosphere is the zone of Earth where life is found. It includes parts of the troposphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere where organisms can survive.
Biosphere पृथ्वी का वह zone है जहाँ life पाई जाती है। इसमें troposphere, hydrosphere और lithosphere के वे parts शामिल हैं जहाँ organisms survive कर सकते हैं।
Wildlife / वन्यजीव
Wildlife refers to all free and undomesticated species. The source notes that the word is sometimes used only for animals.
Wildlife उन free और undomesticated species को कहा जाता है जो domesticated नहीं हैं। कभी-कभी यह term केवल animals के लिए भी use किया जाता है।
Threatened Species / संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियाँ
The source describes a threatened species as a wild species that may still be abundant in its natural range but is likely to become endangered because of declining numbers.
Threatened Species ऐसी wild species है जो अपने natural range में अभी present हो सकती है, लेकिन population decline के कारण endangered होने की possibility रहती है।
Ozone / ओजोन
Ozone (O3) is a colourless and highly reactive gas. The source notes that it is a component of photochemical smog but is also present in the stratospheric ozone layer, where it protects Earth from ultraviolet rays.
Ozone (O3) colourless और highly reactive gas है। यह photochemical smog का component भी हो सकती है, जबकि stratosphere की ozone layer में यह harmful ultraviolet rays से protection देती है।
Smog / स्मॉग
The term originally referred to a mixture of smoke and fog but is now used more broadly for mixtures of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Smog शब्द originally smoke और fog के combination के लिए use किया गया, लेकिन अब atmospheric pollutants के mixtures के लिए broadly use होता है।
Acid Rain / अम्ल वर्षा
When fossil fuels are burnt, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen form in the atmosphere. These dissolve in water and contribute to acid rain.
Fossil fuels burn होने पर sulphur और nitrogen के oxides atmosphere में form होते हैं। ये water में dissolve होकर Acid Rain का कारण बनते हैं।
Global Warming / वैश्विक तापन
The source defines global warming as warming of Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Global Warming को source greenhouse gases की increasing concentrations के कारण Earth's lower atmosphere यानी troposphere के warming के रूप में define करता है।
It can produce long-lasting climate changes extending from decades to thousands of years according to the source.
Ecomarks / ईकोमार्क
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change instituted a national scheme providing accreditation and labelling for household and other consumer products that meet specified environmental criteria.
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ने ऐसे household और consumer products के लिए accreditation और labelling scheme शुरू की जो specified environmental criteria meet करते हैं। इसे source Ecomarks से जोड़ता है।
Coral Bleaching / प्रवाल विरंजन
Coral bleaching occurs when the relationship between the coral host and zooxanthellae breaks down. Without zooxanthellae, coral tissue becomes transparent and the bright white skeleton becomes visible.
Coral Bleaching तब होता है जब coral host और zooxanthellae के बीच relationship break हो जाता है। Zooxanthellae के बिना coral tissue transparent दिखाई देता है और उसका bright white skeleton visible हो जाता है।
Sustainability / सततता
Sustainability is the ability of Earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
Sustainability Earth के विभिन्न systems, human cultural systems तथा economies की changing environmental conditions के साथ survive और adapt करने की long-term ability है।
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Ecology → Relationship between organisms and environment
- Ecosystem → Biotic + Physical components + Energy flow
- Biome → Large terrestrial region with characteristic vegetation
- Biodiversity → Species + Genetic + Ecological + Functional diversity
- Biosphere → Zone of Earth where life exists
- Ozone → O3
- Acid Rain → Sulphur and nitrogen oxides
- Coral Bleaching → Breakdown of coral-zooxanthellae relationship
- Sustainability → Long-term survival and adaptation of systems