Radioactivity / रेडियोधर्मिता
The source discusses radioactivity in connection with Henri Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre Curie and describes the emission of alpha, beta and gamma radiations from unstable nuclei.
Source Radioactivity को Henri Becquerel, Madame Curie तथा Pierre Curie से associate करता है और unstable nuclei से alpha, beta तथा gamma radiations के emission को explain करता है।
The source states that nuclei having 83 or more protons are unstable and emit α, β and γ radiation to become stable.
Source के अनुसार 83 या उससे अधिक protons वाले nuclei unstable होते हैं और α, β तथा γ radiation emit करते हैं।
Effect of Alpha Emission / अल्फा उत्सर्जन का प्रभाव
- Atomic number decreases by 2.
- Mass number decreases by 4.
α-particle emission पर Atomic Number 2 और Mass Number 4 से decrease होता है।
Effect of Beta Emission / बीटा उत्सर्जन का प्रभाव
- Atomic number increases by 1.
- Mass number remains unchanged.
Nuclear Fission / नाभिकीय विखंडन
A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei of nearly equal mass is called nuclear fission.
Heavy nucleus का nearly equal mass वाले two nuclei में split होना Nuclear Fission कहलाता है।
- Atom bomb is based on nuclear fission. / Atom Bomb Nuclear Fission पर based है।
- The source lists U-235 and Pu-239 as fissionable materials.
- The source attributes the first demonstration of nuclear fission to Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, rendered imperfectly in the source text.
Nuclear Fusion / नाभिकीय संलयन
When two or more light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the process is called nuclear fusion.
Two or more light nuclei का combine होकर heavier nucleus बनाना Nuclear Fusion कहलाता है।
The source states that a temperature of the order of 108 K is required.
Hydrogen Bomb / हाइड्रोजन बम
The source states that the Hydrogen Bomb is based on nuclear fusion and mentions 1952 in connection with its development by American scientists.
Nuclear Reactor / नाभिकीय रिएक्टर
A nuclear reactor is an arrangement in which controlled nuclear fission takes place.
Nuclear Reactor वह arrangement है जिसमें controlled nuclear fission reaction होती है।
The source states that the first nuclear reactor was established at Chicago University under the supervision of Enrico Fermi.
Major Components of Nuclear Reactor / परमाणु रिएक्टर के प्रमुख भाग
Fissionable Fuel / विखंडनीय ईंधन
The source lists uranium fuel for fission.
Moderator / मंदक
A moderator decreases the energy of fast neutrons so they can participate further in fission.
Moderator fast neutrons की energy reduce करता है।
Examples in source: Heavy water, graphite and beryllium oxide.
Control Rods / नियंत्रण छड़ें
Cadmium or boron rods absorb excess neutrons and help control the chain reaction.
Cadmium या Boron rods excess neutrons absorb करके chain reaction को control करती हैं।
Coolant / शीतलक
A coolant removes the large amount of heat generated during fission.
Coolant fission के दौरान generated heat को absorb/remove करता है।
The source mentions water, heavy water and gases such as helium or CO₂.
Uses of Nuclear Reactor / परमाणु रिएक्टर के उपयोग
- Production of electrical energy / Electrical energy production
- Production of isotopes used in medicine, physics and agriculture / Medical, physical तथा agricultural sciences के लिए isotopes
Exam Revision / परीक्षा पुनरावृत्ति
- Atom Bomb → Nuclear Fission
- Hydrogen Bomb → Nuclear Fusion
- Moderator → Slows neutrons
- Control rods → Absorb excess neutrons
- Coolant → Removes heat
- Alpha emission → Atomic number −2, Mass number −4
- Beta emission → Atomic number +1, Mass number unchanged