National Movement from 1919 to 1923 / 1919 से 1923 का राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन
The years after the First World War saw a rapid expansion of mass politics in India. The source covers the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Chauri-Chaura incident and the formation of the Swaraj Party.
First World War के बाद India में mass politics का तेजी से विस्तार हुआ। स्रोत Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Chauri-Chaura incident तथा Swaraj Party की formation का वर्णन करता है।
Rowlatt Act – 18 March 1919 / रॉलेट एक्ट – 18 मार्च 1919
The source states that the Act gave the government extensive powers to arrest and imprison suspects without trial.
स्रोत के अनुसार Rowlatt Act ने government को suspects को बिना trial arrest और imprison करने की व्यापक powers दीं।
It also enabled the government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus according to the source.
स्रोत के अनुसार इस law ने Habeas Corpus के right को suspend करने की power दी।
Rowlatt Satyagraha / रॉलेट सत्याग्रह
Gandhiji launched the Rowlatt Satyagraha against the Act. The source calls it his first countrywide agitation.
Gandhiji ने Act के विरुद्ध Rowlatt Satyagraha शुरू किया। स्रोत इसे उनका first countrywide agitation बताता है।
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre – 13 April 1919 / जलियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड
People were agitated by the arrest of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal on 10 April 1919.
10 April 1919 को Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew और Dr Satya Pal की arrest से लोगों में आक्रोश था।
General Dyer ordered firing on people assembled at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
General Dyer ने Amritsar के Jallianwala Bagh में assembled लोगों पर firing करवाई।
Michael O'Dwyer / माइकल ओ'ड्वायर
The source states that Michael O'Dwyer was the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time.
स्रोत के अनुसार उस समय Michael O'Dwyer Punjab का Lieutenant-Governor था।
Hunter Commission / हंटर आयोग
The Hunter Commission was appointed to inquire into the incident.
Incident की inquiry के लिए Hunter Commission नियुक्त किया गया।
Rabindranath Tagore / रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर
Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood in protest.
Rabindranath Tagore ने protest में अपनी knighthood वापस कर दी।
Udham Singh / उधम सिंह
The source states that Sardar Udham Singh killed Michael O'Dwyer at Caxton Hall, London, on 13 March 1940.
स्रोत के अनुसार Sardar Udham Singh ने 13 March 1940 को London के Caxton Hall में Michael O'Dwyer की हत्या की।
Khilafat Movement / खिलाफत आंदोलन
The source associates the movement with Muslim anger over British treatment of Turkey after the First World War.
स्रोत Khilafat Movement को First World War के बाद Turkey के साथ British treatment से उत्पन्न Muslim dissatisfaction से जोड़ता है।
Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, known as the Ali Brothers, started the movement. It was jointly led by Khilafat leaders and the Congress.
Mohammad Ali और Shaukat Ali अर्थात Ali Brothers ने movement शुरू किया और Khilafat leaders तथा Congress ने इसे jointly lead किया।
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) / असहयोग आंदोलन 1920
The Congress passed the resolution for Non-Cooperation at its Calcutta Session in September 1920.
Congress ने September 1920 के Calcutta Session में Non-Cooperation resolution पारित किया।
The source describes it as the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
स्रोत इसे Gandhiji के नेतृत्व में first mass-based political movement बताता है।
Programme / कार्यक्रम
- Resignation from nominated offices and posts in local bodies / nominated offices से resignation
- Refusal to attend government durbars / government durbars का boycott
- Boycott of British courts by lawyers / British courts का boycott
- Refusal to join military and other government jobs / सरकारी एवं सैन्य jobs से दूरी
- Boycott of foreign goods / foreign goods का boycott
Chauri-Chaura Incident (1922) / चौरी-चौरा घटना 1922
The source states that a mob at Chauri-Chaura near Gorakhpur clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on 5 February 1922.
स्रोत के अनुसार Gorakhpur के निकट Chauri-Chaura में 5 February 1922 को mob और police के बीच clash हुआ और 22 policemen मारे गए।
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12 February 1922.
Gandhiji ने 12 February 1922 को Non-Cooperation Movement वापस ले लिया।
Swaraj Party (1923) / स्वराज पार्टी 1923
Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das and N.C. Kelkar, described as Pro-changers in the source, advocated entering legislative councils and exposing them from within.
Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das और N.C. Kelkar, जिन्हें स्रोत Pro-changers कहता है, legislative councils में प्रवेश कर भीतर से opposition करने के पक्ष में थे।
They formed the Swaraj Party, with C.R. Das as President.
उन्होंने Swaraj Party बनाई और C.R. Das उसके President बने।
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Rowlatt Act → 18 March 1919
- Rowlatt Satyagraha → First countrywide agitation by Gandhi in source
- Jallianwala Bagh → 13 April 1919
- General Dyer → Firing
- Michael O'Dwyer → Lt. Governor of Punjab
- Hunter Commission → Inquiry
- Tagore → Returned knighthood
- Udham Singh → Michael O'Dwyer → 13 March 1940
- Khilafat leaders → Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali
- Non-Cooperation resolution → September 1920
- Chauri-Chaura → 5 February 1922
- Movement withdrawn → 12 February 1922
- Swaraj Party → 1923
- President → C.R. Das