Agriculture in India / भारत में कृषि
The source describes India as essentially an agricultural land and states that agriculture includes farming, animal rearing and fishing. For examination purposes, this chapter is especially important for crop seasons, Green Revolution and crop-producing state combinations.
स्रोत India को essentially agricultural land बताता है और agriculture में farming, animal rearing तथा fishing को शामिल करता है। Competitive examinations के लिए crop seasons, Green Revolution तथा crop-producing states विशेष रूप से important हैं।
Agricultural Seasons in India / भारत में कृषि ऋतुएँ
The source identifies three major crop seasons: Kharif, Rabi and Zaid.
Kharif Crops / खरीफ फसलें
Sowing: June-July
Harvesting: September-October.
Examples listed include rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, cotton and jute.
बुवाई: June-July
कटाई: September-October।
Examples: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Maize, Cotton और Jute।
Rabi Crops / रबी फसलें
Sowing: October-December
Harvesting: April-May.
Examples include wheat, barley, peas, rapeseed, mustard and sesame.
बुवाई: October-December
कटाई: April-May।
Examples: Wheat, Barley, Peas, Rapeseed, Mustard और Sesame।
Zaid Crops / जायद फसलें
Sowing: February-March
Harvesting: May-June.
Examples given include urad, moong and melons.
बुवाई: February-March
कटाई: May-June।
Examples: Urad, Moong और Melons।
Green Revolution / हरित क्रांति
The source uses the term Green Revolution for the spectacular increase in foodgrain production that took place during 1968 and continued thereafter.
स्रोत Green Revolution शब्द का उपयोग 1968 के दौरान foodgrain production में हुई spectacular increase तथा उसके बाद जारी वृद्धि के लिए करता है।
Components of Green Revolution / हरित क्रांति के घटक
- High Yield Variety Seeds
- Irrigation
- Use of Fertilisers
- Use of Insecticides and Pesticides
- Command Area Development
- Programme Consolidation of Holdings
इन components को केवल list के रूप में नहीं बल्कि concept के रूप में याद करना चाहिए—better seeds, adequate irrigation, chemical inputs तथा improved agricultural management ने production increase में भूमिका निभाई।
Chief Crops and Producing States / प्रमुख फसलें एवं उत्पादक राज्य
Cereals and Food Crops / अनाज एवं खाद्य फसलें
- Wheat: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
- Rice: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh
- Gram: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
- Barley: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan
- Bajra: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat
Cash Crops / नकदी फसलें
- Sugarcane: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra
- Poppy: Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
Oil Seeds / तिलहन
- Coconut: Kerala, Tamil Nadu
- Linseed: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
- Groundnut: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
- Rapeseed and Mustard: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
- Sesame: Gujarat, West Bengal, Karnataka
- Sunflower: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
Fibre Crops / रेशेदार फसलें
- Cotton: Maharashtra, Gujarat
- Jute: West Bengal, Bihar
- Silk: Karnataka, Kerala
- Hemp: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
Plantation Crops / बागानी फसलें
- Coffee: Karnataka, Kerala
- Rubber: Kerala, Karnataka
- Tea: Assam, Kerala
- Tobacco: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
Spices and Other Crops / मसाले एवं अन्य फसलें
- Pepper: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
- Cashewnuts: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
- Ginger: Kerala, Uttar Pradesh
- Turmeric: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Kharif → June/July sowing → September/October harvesting
- Rabi → October/December sowing → April/May harvesting
- Zaid → February/March sowing → May/June harvesting
- Cotton → Maharashtra and Gujarat in source
- Jute → West Bengal and Bihar
- Coffee → Karnataka and Kerala
- Tea → Assam and Kerala
- Rubber → Kerala and Karnataka
- Green Revolution → Increase in foodgrain production