Major Landforms / प्रमुख स्थलरूप
The source divides major landforms into three broad categories: mountains, plateaus and plains.
स्रोत major landforms को तीन broad categories में divide करता है—Mountains, Plateaus और Plains।
Mountains / पर्वत
An uplifted portion of Earth's surface is called a hill or mountain.
Earth surface का uplifted portion hill या mountain कहलाता है।
Types of Mountains / पर्वतों के प्रकार
Fold Mountains / वलित पर्वत
Fold Mountains are formed by folding of crustal rocks under compressive forces.
Fold Mountains compressive forces के कारण crustal rocks की folding से बनते हैं।
Examples → Himalayas in Asia and Alps in Europe.
Examples → Himalayas और Alps।
Block Mountains / ब्लॉक पर्वत
Block Mountains are formed when large blocks of Earth's crust are raised or lowered during mountain-building processes.
Block Mountains तब बनते हैं जब Earth's crust के large blocks uplift या downthrow होते हैं।
Examples → Vosges in France and Black Forest Mountains in Germany.
Volcanic Mountains / ज्वालामुखीय पर्वत
Volcanic Mountains are formed from material thrown out during volcanic eruptions and are also known as mountains of accumulation.
Volcanic Mountains volcanic eruption से निकले material के accumulation से बनते हैं।
Examples → Mauna Loa in Hawaii and Mt Popa in Myanmar.
Residual or Dissected Mountains / अवशिष्ट पर्वत
These are also called relict mountains or mountains of circum-denudation and owe their form to erosion by different agencies.
इन्हें relict mountains भी कहा जाता है और इनका present form विभिन्न erosion agencies के कारण बना होता है।
Examples → Nilgiris, Girnar and Rajmahal.
Major Mountain Ranges / प्रमुख पर्वत श्रेणियाँ
- Andes → South America → 7200 km
- Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindukush → South Central Asia → 5000 km
- Rockies → North America → 4800 km
- Great Dividing Range → Eastern Australia → 3600 km
- Atlas → North-West Africa → 1930 km
- Western Ghats → Western India → 1610 km
- Caucasus → Europe → 1200 km
- Alaska Range → USA → 1130 km
- Alps → Europe → 1050 km
Major Mountain Peaks / प्रमुख पर्वत चोटियाँ
- Mt Everest → Nepal-Tibet → Highest in world
- K2 or Godwin Austin → India (PoK), as listed in source
- Dhaulagiri → Nepal
- Annapurna → Nepal
- Gurla Mandhata → Tibet
- Tirich Mir → Pakistan
- Aconcagua → Argentina
- Cotopaxi → Ecuador
- Kilimanjaro → Tanzania
Plateaus / पठार
Plateaus are flat, table-like upland areas with a rough top surface and steep side walls.
Plateaus flat, table-like elevated areas होते हैं जिनकी top surface comparatively rough और sides steep होती हैं।
Famous Plateaus / प्रमुख पठार
- Tibetan Plateau → Between Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains
- Deccan Plateau → Southern India
- Arabian Plateau → South-West Asia
- Brazilian Plateau → Central-Eastern South America
- Mexican Plateau → Mexico
- Columbia Plateau → USA
- Madagascar Plateau → Madagascar
- Alaska Plateau → North-West North America
- Bolivia Plateau → Andes Mountains
- Great Basin Plateau → South of Columbia Plateau, USA
- Colorado Plateau → South of Great Basin Plateau, USA
Plains / मैदान
A plain is a relatively low-lying and flat land surface with little difference between its highest and lowest points.
Plain relatively low-lying और flat land surface है जिसमें highest और lowest points के बीच बहुत कम difference होता है।
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Fold Mountain → Himalayas
- Block Mountain → Vosges, Black Forest
- Volcanic Mountain → Mauna Loa
- Residual Mountain → Nilgiris, Girnar, Rajmahal
- Longest range in source table → Andes
- Highest peak → Mt Everest
- Tibetan Plateau → Himalayas and Kunlun
- Deccan Plateau → Southern India
- Plain → Low and flat surface