Natural Vegetation of India / भारत की प्राकृतिक वनस्पति
Natural vegetation depends greatly upon rainfall, temperature, humidity and geographical conditions. The source classifies Indian vegetation into several important types and provides their climatic requirements, characteristics, species and areas of distribution.
भारत की natural vegetation मुख्य रूप से rainfall, temperature, humidity तथा geographical conditions से प्रभावित होती है। स्रोत Indian vegetation को विभिन्न important types में classify करता है तथा उनकी climatic requirements, characteristics, species और distribution बताता है।
Tropical Wet Evergreen Vegetation / उष्णकटिबंधीय आर्द्र सदाबहार वनस्पति
Rainfall: More than 250 cm
Temperature: 25-27°C
Humidity: 80% or more.
These are dense forests with tall trees. Species listed in the source include Mesa, Dhup, White Cedar, Jamun, Bamboo, Agar and Hopea. They occur in North-East India, western slopes of the Western Ghats and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
ये dense forests होते हैं जिनमें tall trees पाए जाते हैं। स्रोत Mesa, Dhup, White Cedar, Jamun, Bamboo, Agar और Hopea का उल्लेख करता है। ये North-East India, Western Ghats की western slopes तथा Andaman and Nicobar Islands में पाए जाते हैं।
Tropical Semi-Evergreen Vegetation / उष्णकटिबंधीय अर्ध-सदाबहार वनस्पति
Rainfall: More than 200-250 cm
Temperature: 24-27°C
Humidity: About 80%.
Evergreen vegetation is mixed with deciduous vegetation and trees are about 24-36 m high. Semul, Rosewood, Indian Chestnut, Kusum and Mesua are listed as important species. Distribution includes lower slopes of the Eastern Himalayas and Odisha Coast.
यहाँ evergreen vegetation deciduous vegetation के साथ mixed होती है और trees की height लगभग 24-36 m होती है। Semul, Rosewood, Indian Chestnut, Kusum और Mesua प्रमुख species हैं। इसका distribution Eastern Himalayas की lower slopes और Odisha Coast में बताया गया है।
Tropical Dry Evergreen / उष्णकटिबंधीय शुष्क सदाबहार
These areas receive rain from the North-East Monsoon. The source gives a temperature of about 28°C and humidity of about 74%. Trees form a canopy and are comparatively low, about 9-12 m. Khirni, Jamun, Tamarind, Neem and Cane are listed species. The vegetation occurs along the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu.
इन क्षेत्रों को North-East Monsoon से rainfall प्राप्त होती है। स्रोत temperature लगभग 28°C तथा humidity लगभग 74% देता है। Trees comparatively low, लगभग 9-12 m होते हैं। Khirni, Jamun, Tamarind, Neem और Cane प्रमुख species हैं। यह vegetation Tamil Nadu के Coromandel Coast में पाई जाती है।
Tropical Moist Deciduous / उष्णकटिबंधीय आर्द्र पर्णपाती
Rainfall: 150-200 cm
Temperature: 26-27°C
Humidity: 60-80%.
Trees shed their leaves during the dry season. Important species include Sal, Teak, Sandalwood, Ebony, Mahua and Shisham. The source places these forests in the Western Ghats, Eastern Coastal Plains and Eastern Plateau.
Dry season में trees अपने leaves shed करते हैं। Sal, Teak, Sandalwood, Ebony, Mahua और Shisham important species हैं। स्रोत इन्हें Western Ghats, Eastern Coastal Plains और Eastern Plateau में बताता है।
Tropical Dry Deciduous / उष्णकटिबंधीय शुष्क पर्णपाती
These occur where rainfall is below 150 cm and a dry season is present. Undergrowth is shrubby and grassy, while trees shed their leaves in the dry season. Sal, Teak, Khair, Palash, Tendu and Laurel are listed species.
ये forests 150 cm से कम rainfall वाले dry-season regions में मिलते हैं। Undergrowth shrubby और grassy होता है तथा trees dry season में leaves shed करते हैं। Sal, Teak, Khair, Palash, Tendu और Laurel important species हैं।
Tropical Thorny Vegetation / उष्णकटिबंधीय कांटेदार वनस्पति
Rainfall: 50-70 cm
Temperature: 25-27°C
Humidity: Less than 47%.
Trees are generally stunted, about 6-9 m high, and possess long roots, sharp spines and glossy leaves to conserve water. Babul, Acacia, Khair and Khejri are important species. The source places this vegetation in South-Western Punjab, Western Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, Western Madhya Pradesh, Kachchh, Saurashtra and Rajasthan.
Trees सामान्यतः stunted तथा लगभग 6-9 m high होते हैं। Water conservation के लिए long roots, sharp spines और glossy leaves पाए जाते हैं। Babul, Acacia, Khair और Khejri प्रमुख species हैं।
Tidal or Littoral Mangrove Vegetation / ज्वारीय या मैंग्रोव वनस्पति
These forests occur in regions receiving more than 200 cm rainfall, with high water salinity and regular flooding. The trees are evergreen and possess breathing roots called pneumatophores. Keora, Amur, Sundari, Agar, Bhendi and Nipa are listed species. Important areas include the delta regions of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna.
ये forests high salinity और regularly flooded regions में पाए जाते हैं। Trees evergreen होते हैं और उनमें breathing roots पाई जाती हैं जिन्हें pneumatophores कहा जाता है। Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari और Krishna के delta regions इनके important areas हैं।
Forests of India / भारत के वन
The source separately classifies forests according to distribution, climatic conditions, characteristics and species.
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Distribution includes rainy slopes of Western Ghats, North-East India except Arunachal Pradesh, eastern parts of West Bengal and Odisha, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Rainfall exceeds 200 cm, relative humidity exceeds 70% and average temperature is about 24°C. Trees may attain 40-60 m height.
इन forests में rainfall 200 cm से अधिक, relative humidity 70% से अधिक तथा average temperature लगभग 24°C होता है। Trees 40-60 m तक ऊँचे हो सकते हैं।
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
They occur in eastern parts of the Sahyadris, north-eastern Peninsular India, middle and lower Ganga Valley and Himalayan foothills in Bhabar and Terai. Rainfall is about 100-200 cm. Trees reach approximately 30-40 m and shed leaves due to deficiency of water.
ये forests लगभग 100-200 cm rainfall वाले regions में मिलते हैं। Water deficiency के कारण trees अपने leaves shed करते हैं। स्रोत के अनुसार ये India के forest area का लगभग 20% cover करते हैं।
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
These are found across large parts of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, parts of Punjab, Haryana, eastern Rajasthan, northern and western Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and southern Uttar Pradesh. Rainfall is approximately 50-100 cm. Trees are 6-15 m high and roots are thick and long.
Dry or Arid Forests
These occur in Rajasthan and adjoining Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab as well as rain-shadow areas of Peninsular India. Rainfall is less than 50 cm annually. Vegetation is thorny, roots are very long and leaves are small. Species include Cactus, Kikar, Babool, Date Palm, Acacia, Khair and Euphorbias.
ये Rajasthan तथा adjoining Haryana, Gujarat और Punjab और Peninsular India के rain-shadow areas में मिलते हैं। Annual rainfall 50 cm से कम होती है। Vegetation thorny होती है, roots बहुत long तथा leaves small होते हैं।
Exam Revision / परीक्षा पुनरावृत्ति
- Mangrove breathing roots → Pneumatophores
- Tropical Wet Evergreen → Rainfall above 250 cm in vegetation table
- Tropical Thorny → Rainfall 50-70 cm
- Dry/Arid Forest → Rainfall below 50 cm in forest table
- Coromandel Coast → Tropical Dry Evergreen
- Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna deltas → Mangrove vegetation
- Sal and Teak → Important deciduous forest species