Agriculture in Indian Economy / भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में कृषि
The source describes agriculture as a mainstay of the Indian economy and highlights its contribution to GDP, national income, employment, trade and industry.
Source agriculture को Indian economy का mainstay बताता है और GDP, National Income, employment, trade तथा industry में इसके importance को highlight करता है।
Green Revolution / हरित क्रांति
Green Revolution is associated with High Yielding Variety Seeds, chemical fertilisers and new technology that produced a major increase in agricultural production.
Green Revolution को HYV Seeds, chemical fertilisers और new technology के use से associate किया गया है, जिससे agricultural production में major increase हुआ।
The source calls Dr M.S. Swaminathan the Father of Green Revolution in India.
Source Dr M.S. Swaminathan को Father of Green Revolution in India कहता है।
Major Agricultural Revolutions / प्रमुख कृषि क्रांतियाँ
- Blue Revolution → Fish production
- Golden Fibre Revolution → Jute
- Pink Revolution → Onion, as listed in source
- Red Revolution → Meat
- White Revolution → Milk
- Yellow Revolution → Oilseeds
Tricolour Revolution / तिरंगा क्रांति
The source describes three components:
- Saffron Revolution → Solar energy
- White Revolution → Cattle welfare
- Blue Revolution → Fishermen's welfare
Industrial Policies of India / भारत की औद्योगिक नीतियाँ
The source lists major Industrial Policies in 1948, 1956, 1977, 1980 and 1991.
Source major Industrial Policies के years 1948, 1956, 1977, 1980 और 1991 देता है।
Industrial Policy 1956 / औद्योगिक नीति 1956
The source calls Industrial Policy 1956 the 'Economic Constitution of India' and states that it gave the public sector a strategic edge.
Source Industrial Policy 1956 को 'Economic Constitution of India' कहता है और बताता है कि इसने public sector को strategic importance दी।
Industrial Policy 1991 / औद्योगिक नीति 1991
The source states that the 1991 policy opened the economy. Its main aims were:
- End the licence-permit raj.
- Integrate the Indian economy with the outside world.
- Remove restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment.
- Reform the public sector.
Public Sector Enterprises / सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम
The source lists atomic energy and railways among areas reserved for the public sector in the policy context discussed in the book.
Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna / महारत्न नवरत्न एवं मिनीरत्न
These classifications were designed to provide greater managerial and commercial autonomy to Public Sector Enterprises.
Maharatna, Navratna और Miniratna classifications का objective PSEs को greater managerial और commercial autonomy देना था।
The source states that Maharatna status began in 2009 and gives a source-era list of Maharatna and Navratna companies. Since such classifications can change, company lists should be treated as book-context information.
Industrial Committees / औद्योगिक समितियाँ
- Hazari Committee → Industrial Policy
- Subimal Dutt Committee → Industrial Licensing
- Abid Hussain Committee → Small Scale Industry
- C. Rangarajan Committee → Disinvestment
- Arjun Sengupta → Memorandum of Understandings
Small Scale Industry and MSME / लघु उद्योग एवं MSME
The source states that a new thrust to Small Scale Industry was given in Industrial Policy 1977 and that the MSMED Act was enacted in 2006.
Source के अनुसार Small Scale Industry को Industrial Policy 1977 में नया thrust मिला तथा MSMED Act 2006 में enacted हुआ।
MSME Classification in the Source / स्रोत में MSME वर्गीकरण
- Micro → Annual turnover not exceeding ₹5 crore
- Small → ₹5 crore to ₹75 crore
- Medium → ₹75 crore to ₹250 crore
These thresholds are reproduced exactly from the source and should be treated as source-era information.
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Father of Green Revolution in India → M.S. Swaminathan
- Blue Revolution → Fish
- White Revolution → Milk
- Yellow Revolution → Oilseeds
- Industrial Policy 1956 → Economic Constitution of India in source
- Industrial Policy 1991 → Liberalisation-oriented reforms
- MSMED Act → 2006
- Rangarajan Committee → Disinvestment