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GEOGRAPHY

Atmosphere Layers Greenhouse Effect Pressure Belts and Winds | वायुमंडल की परतें ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव दाब पट्टियाँ एवं पवनें

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Atmosphere / वायुमंडल

The atmosphere is the vast envelope of air surrounding Earth and extends for thousands of kilometres.

Atmosphere पृथ्वी को चारों ओर से घेरे हुए air का vast envelope है जो thousands of kilometres तक extend करता है।

The source states that the atmosphere protects Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet rays and helps regulate temperature.

स्रोत के अनुसार atmosphere Earth को harmful ultraviolet rays से protect करता है और temperature regulation में मदद करता है।

Structure of Atmosphere / वायुमंडल की संरचना

Troposphere / क्षोभमंडल

Height → 0-18 km.

The source states that the Troposphere contains about 75% of atmospheric gases.

स्रोत के अनुसार Troposphere में atmosphere की लगभग 75% gases होती हैं।

Temperature decreases with altitude at approximately 6.5°C per kilometre.

Height बढ़ने पर temperature लगभग 6.5°C/km की rate से decrease करता है।

Stratosphere / समतापमंडल

Height → 18-50 km.

This layer contains the ozone layer.

इस layer में Ozone Layer पाई जाती है।

Temperature is fairly constant in the lower part and increases slowly with height due to ozone.

Lower part में temperature comparatively constant रहता है और ozone की presence के कारण height के साथ धीरे-धीरे increase करता है।

Mesosphere / मध्यमंडल

Height → 50-80 km.

The source calls it the coldest region of the atmosphere, with temperatures dropping to about -100°C.

स्रोत Mesosphere को atmosphere का coldest region बताता है जहाँ temperature लगभग -100°C तक गिर सकता है।

Ionosphere / आयनमंडल

Height → 80-600 km.

Radio waves are reflected back towards Earth by ions in this layer, helping radio communication.

इस layer के ions radio waves को reflect करके Earth की ओर वापस भेजते हैं, जिससे radio communication में सहायता मिलती है।

Exosphere / बहिर्मंडल

Height → Above 600 km.

The upper part of the exosphere is called the Magnetosphere according to the source.

स्रोत के अनुसार Exosphere के upper part को Magnetosphere कहा जाता है।

Composition of Atmosphere / वायुमंडल की संरचना

  • Nitrogen → 78%
  • Oxygen → 21%
  • Argon → 0.93%
  • Carbon dioxide → 0.03%

Water vapour, dust particles, smoke, salts and other impurities are also present in varying quantities.

Water vapour, dust particles, smoke, salts और अन्य impurities भी अलग-अलग quantities में मौजूद रहते हैं।

Greenhouse Effect / ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव

A greenhouse gas absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process produces the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse gas thermal infrared range की radiation को absorb और emit करता है। यही process greenhouse effect का आधार है।

Major Greenhouse Gases / प्रमुख ग्रीनहाउस गैसें

  • Water vapour
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Ozone

The source notes that Venus, Mars and Titan also possess atmospheric gases associated with greenhouse effects.

स्रोत Venus, Mars और Titan के atmospheres में भी greenhouse effect उत्पन्न करने वाली gases का उल्लेख करता है।

Global Warming / वैश्विक तापन

The source defines global warming as an increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation.

स्रोत Global Warming को greenhouse gases के effect से Earth की average surface temperature में increase के रूप में define करता है। इसमें fossil fuels burning और deforestation से carbon dioxide emissions का उल्लेख है।

Atmospheric Pressure / वायुमंडलीय दाब

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere on a unit area of Earth's surface.

Atmospheric pressure atmosphere के weight द्वारा Earth surface के unit area पर exert किया गया pressure है।

It is measured using a Mercury Barometer.

इसे Mercury Barometer से measure किया जाता है।

Major Pressure Belts / प्रमुख दाब पट्टियाँ

  • Equatorial Low Pressure Belt
  • Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt
  • Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt
  • Polar High Pressure Belt

Winds / पवनें

Wind is the horizontal movement of air from areas of high pressure towards areas of low pressure.

Wind high pressure area से low pressure area की ओर air का horizontal movement है।

Planetary Winds / ग्रहीय पवनें

Planetary winds blow throughout the year from one latitude to another in response to latitudinal pressure differences.

Planetary Winds pressure differences के कारण पूरे वर्ष one latitude से another latitude की ओर blow करती हैं।

Trade Winds / व्यापारिक पवनें

Trade Winds blow from the Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt towards the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt between 30°N and 30°S.

Trade Winds 30°N और 30°S के बीच Sub-Tropical High से Equatorial Low Pressure Belt की ओर blow करती हैं।

Westerlies / पछुआ पवनें

Westerlies blow from Sub-Tropical High Pressure belts towards Sub-Polar Low Pressure belts in the temperate latitudes between approximately 30° and 60°.

Westerlies temperate latitudes में लगभग 30° से 60° के बीच Sub-Tropical High से Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt की ओर blow करती हैं।

The source associates the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies with the names Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Screaming or Shrieking Sixties.

स्रोत Westerlies को Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties और Screaming/Shrieking Sixties से जोड़ता है।

Polar Winds / ध्रुवीय पवनें

Polar Winds blow from Polar High Pressure belts towards Sub-Polar Low Pressure belts.

Polar Winds Polar High Pressure Belt से Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt की ओर blow करती हैं।

Periodic Winds / आवधिक पवनें

Periodic winds change direction periodically with changes in pressure and temperature.

Periodic Winds pressure और temperature changes के साथ periodically direction change करती हैं।

Examples → Monsoon, Land Breeze and Sea Breeze.

Local Winds / स्थानीय पवनें

Local winds develop because of local differences in temperature and pressure.

Local Winds local temperature और pressure differences के कारण develop होती हैं।

Examples → Fohn, Chinook and Loo.

Cyclones / चक्रवात

A cyclone is a rapid inward circulation of air masses around a centre of low pressure.

Cyclone low pressure centre के around air masses की rapid inward circulation है।

The source states that cyclonic circulation is anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

स्रोत के अनुसार Cyclone Northern Hemisphere में anticlockwise और Southern Hemisphere में clockwise rotate करता है।

Anticyclones / प्रतिचक्रवात

An anticyclone is the rapid outward movement of air masses around a high-pressure centre.

Anticyclone high-pressure centre से air masses का rapid outward movement है।

Hurricane / हरिकेन

The source describes a hurricane as a tropical cyclone or tropical storm revolving around a central region of very low pressure.

स्रोत Hurricane को tropical cyclone या tropical storm बताता है जो very low pressure centre के आसपास rotate करता है।

It describes a typical disturbance as about 650 km across with wind speed above 140 km/h.

स्रोत इसका approximate size 650 km across और wind speed above 140 km/h बताता है।

High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति

  • Troposphere → 0-18 km → 75% gases
  • Stratosphere → Ozone layer
  • Mesosphere → Coldest region
  • Ionosphere → Radio communication
  • Exosphere → Above 600 km
  • Nitrogen → 78%
  • Oxygen → 21%
  • Pressure instrument → Mercury Barometer
  • Planetary winds → Trade, Westerlies, Polar
  • Periodic winds → Monsoon, Land and Sea Breeze
  • Local winds → Fohn, Chinook, Loo
  • Cyclone → Low pressure centre
  • Anticyclone → High pressure centre


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