President of India / भारत के राष्ट्रपति
The source describes the President as the Executive Head of the State and the first citizen of India. The office of the President forms a major part of the Union Executive and is frequently tested in competitive examinations through questions on election, qualification, tenure, impeachment, powers, vetoes and emergency provisions.
स्रोत President को Executive Head of the State तथा first citizen of India बताता है। Competitive examinations में President के election, qualification, tenure, impeachment, powers, vetoes और emergency provisions से frequently questions पूछे जाते हैं।
Advice of Council of Ministers / मंत्रिपरिषद की सलाह
The source states that the 42nd Amendment made it obligatory for the President to accept the advice of the Council of Ministers. The 44th Amendment allowed the President to send the advice back once for reconsideration.
स्रोत के अनुसार 42nd Amendment ने President के लिए Council of Ministers की advice accept करना obligatory बनाया। 44th Amendment ने President को advice reconsideration के लिए वापस भेजने की power दी।
Qualifications / योग्यताएँ
- Must be a citizen of India.
- Must have completed 35 years of age.
- Must be eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha.
- Must not hold an office of profit.
Election / निर्वाचन
The President is indirectly elected by an Electoral College consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, elected members of State Legislative Assemblies and elected members of Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry.
President का indirect election Electoral College द्वारा होता है, जिसमें Parliament के दोनों Houses के elected members, State Legislative Assemblies के elected members तथा Delhi और Puducherry Legislative Assemblies के elected members शामिल होते हैं।
Members of Legislative Councils do not vote in the Presidential election. The Supreme Court decides disputes related to the Presidential election.
Tenure / कार्यकाल
The term is 5 years. The source notes that there is no upper limit on the number of times a person can become President under Article 57. Resignation is submitted to the Vice-President.
President का term 5 years है। Article 57 के अनुसार source बताता है कि re-election की संख्या पर upper limit नहीं है। Resignation Vice-President को दिया जाता है।
Vacancy / पद रिक्त होने की स्थिति
If the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President acts as President. If the Vice-President is unavailable, the Chief Justice of India and then the senior-most Supreme Court Judge may act as President according to the source.
Important Facts / महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
- First President to die in office → Dr Zakir Hussain.
- Second President to die in office → Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.
- Justice M. Hidayatullah → First Chief Justice of India appointed as acting President, July-August 1969.
Impeachment / महाभियोग
Article 61 deals with impeachment of the President. The source calls it a quasi-judicial procedure. The President can be impeached only for violation of the Constitution and the process can be initiated in either House of Parliament.
Article 61 President के impeachment से संबंधित है। Source इसे quasi-judicial procedure बताता है। President को केवल violation of Constitution के ground पर impeach किया जा सकता है।
Powers of the President / राष्ट्रपति की शक्तियाँ
- Formal head of administration.
- Appoints Prime Minister, Union Ministers, judges, Governors and Chiefs of Army, Navy and Air Force.
- Nominates 12 Rajya Sabha members from literature, art, science and social work as listed in source.
- Declares war and concludes peace subject to Parliament's approval.
- Exercises veto power.
- Article 72 → Power of pardon, reprieve, respite, remission, suspension, remission or commutation in specified cases.
- Article 123 → Ordinance-making power when Parliament is not in session.
Types of Veto / वीटो के प्रकार
- Absolute Veto: Withholding assent to a Bill.
- Suspensive Veto: Legislature may override with ordinary majority.
- Pocket Veto: Delay in giving assent.
The source lists Qualified Veto conceptually but clearly states that the Indian President has no Qualified Veto.
Source Qualified Veto की definition देता है लेकिन स्पष्ट करता है कि Indian President के पास Qualified Veto नहीं है।
Emergency Powers / आपातकालीन शक्तियाँ
- Article 352 → National Emergency
- Article 356 → President's Rule in a State
- Article 360 → Financial Emergency
Quick Revision / त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
- President → First citizen and Executive Head
- Minimum age → 35 years
- Term → 5 years
- Election disputes → Supreme Court
- Impeachment → Article 61
- Pardon power → Article 72
- Ordinance → Article 123
- National Emergency → Article 352
- President's Rule → Article 356
- Financial Emergency → Article 360