Part I: Union and Its Territories – Articles 1 to 4 / भाग I: संघ और उसका राज्य क्षेत्र – अनुच्छेद 1 से 4
The source summarises the first parts of the Indian Constitution, beginning with the Union and its Territories, followed by citizenship and Fundamental Rights.
स्रोत Indian Constitution के शुरुआती Parts को explain करता है—पहले Union and its Territories, फिर Citizenship और उसके बाद Fundamental Rights।
Article 1 / अनुच्छेद 1
The Constitution says: India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
Constitution के अनुसार: India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
Article 2 / अनुच्छेद 2
Deals with admission or establishment of new States.
नए States के admission या establishment से संबंधित है।
Article 3 / अनुच्छेद 3
Parliament is empowered to form new States and alter the areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
Parliament को new States बनाने तथा existing States की areas, boundaries या names alter करने की power है।
Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation / जम्मू-कश्मीर पुनर्गठन
The source notes that through the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, the State of Jammu and Kashmir was divided into the Union Territory of Ladakh and the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
स्रोत के अनुसार J&K Reorganisation Act 2019 द्वारा Jammu and Kashmir को Union Territory of Ladakh और Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir में divide किया गया।
Part II: Citizenship – Articles 5 to 11 / भाग II: नागरिकता – अनुच्छेद 5 से 11
The Citizenship Act, 1955 provides five ways of acquiring Indian citizenship according to the source.
- By Birth / जन्म से
- By Descent / वंश से
- By Registration / पंजीकरण से
- By Naturalisation / देशीयकरण से
- By Incorporation / क्षेत्र के समावेशन से
Modes of Losing Citizenship / नागरिकता खोने के तरीके
- Renunciation / त्याग
- Termination / समाप्ति
- Deprivation / वंचित किया जाना
Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 / नागरिकता संशोधन अधिनियम, 2019
The source states that members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian religious minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who entered India before 31 December 2014 would be given Indian citizenship under the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019.
स्रोत के अनुसार Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 के तहत Afghanistan, Bangladesh और Pakistan से आए Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi और Christian religious minorities, जो 31 December 2014 से पहले India आए, citizenship के लिए covered हैं।
Part III: Fundamental Rights – Articles 12 to 35 / भाग III: मौलिक अधिकार – अनुच्छेद 12 से 35
Right to Equality – Articles 14 to 18 / समानता का अधिकार
- Article 14: Equality before Law.
- Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
- Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment.
- Article 17: Abolition of untouchability.
- Article 18: Abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom – Articles 19 to 22 / स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार
- Article 19: Freedom relating to speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession.
- Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
- Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty.
- Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Article 21A – Right to Education / शिक्षा का अधिकार
The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6-14 years.
State 6-14 years के सभी children को free and compulsory education provide करेगा।
Right Against Exploitation – Articles 23 to 24 / शोषण के विरुद्ध अधिकार
- Article 23: Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour.
- Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories etc.
Right to Freedom of Religion – Articles 25 to 28 / धर्म की स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार
- Article 25: Freedom of conscience and profession, practice and propagation of religion.
- Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.
- Article 27: Freedom from taxation for promotion of a particular religion.
- Article 28: Freedom from attendance at religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights / सांस्कृतिक एवं शैक्षिक अधिकार
- Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities.
- Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
Freedom of Press / प्रेस की स्वतंत्रता
The source states that Freedom of Press is implicit in Article 19.
स्रोत के अनुसार Freedom of Press Article 19 में implicit है।
Articles 20 and 21 during Emergency / आपातकाल में अनुच्छेद 20 और 21
The source states that Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended even during a National Emergency under Article 352.
स्रोत के अनुसार Articles 20 और 21 National Emergency के दौरान भी suspend नहीं किए जा सकते।
Right to Property / संपत्ति का अधिकार
The Right to Property under Article 19(1)(f) was repealed by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978 and made a legal right under Article 300A.
Right to Property को 44th Amendment Act 1978 के बाद Fundamental Right से हटाकर Article 300A के तहत legal right बनाया गया।
Right to Constitutional Remedies / संवैधानिक उपचार का अधिकार
Article 32 provides the right to move the Supreme Court and Article 226 enables approach to High Courts for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Article 32 Supreme Court और Article 226 High Courts से constitutional remedies प्राप्त करने से संबंधित हैं।
The source states that Dr B.R. Ambedkar called Article 32 the Heart and Soul of the Constitution.
स्रोत के अनुसार Dr B.R. Ambedkar ने Article 32 को Heart and Soul of the Constitution कहा।
Five Writs / पाँच रिट
Habeas Corpus
Meaning in source: You may have the body.
Purpose: Release of a person who has been unlawfully detained.
Mandamus
Meaning: We Command.
Purpose: To secure performance of public duties by a lower court, tribunal or public authority.
Certiorari
Meaning: To be certified.
Purpose: To quash an order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi-judicial authority.
Prohibition
Meaning: The act of stopping something.
Purpose: To prevent an inferior court from continuing proceedings in a case where it lacks jurisdiction.
Quo Warranto
Meaning: What is your authority?
Purpose: To restrain a person from holding a public office to which he or she is not entitled.
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Article 1 → India that is Bharat, Union of States
- Articles 5-11 → Citizenship
- Articles 12-35 → Fundamental Rights
- Article 14 → Equality before Law
- Article 17 → Abolition of Untouchability
- Article 19 → Freedoms + Freedom of Press implicit
- Article 21 → Life and Personal Liberty
- Article 21A → Education for 6-14 years
- Article 32 → Constitutional Remedies
- Article 32 → Heart and Soul of Constitution
- Article 300A → Right to Property as legal right
- Five writs → Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition, Quo Warranto