Supreme Court of India / भारत का सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on 28 January 1950. The source gives a sanctioned strength of 34 judges and explains qualifications, tenure, removal and various kinds of jurisdiction.
Supreme Court of India का inauguration 28 January 1950 को हुआ। Source sanctioned strength 34 बताता है और judges की qualification, tenure, removal तथा jurisdictions का विवरण देता है।
Bench Types / पीठ के प्रकार
- Division Bench: Two to three Justices.
- Constitutional Bench: Five or more Justices.
Appointment and Retirement / नियुक्ति एवं सेवानिवृत्ति
Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President and retire at the age of 65.
Supreme Court judges की appointment President करता है और retirement age 65 years है।
Qualifications / योग्यताएँ
- Citizen of India.
- Judge of a High Court for at least 5 years; or
- Advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years; or
- A distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
The source notes that the Constitution does not prescribe a minimum age for appointment as a Supreme Court judge.
Removal of Judges / न्यायाधीशों को हटाना
A judge may be removed only for proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Removal requires a resolution of both Houses supported by a majority of total membership and two-thirds of members present and voting.
Judge को केवल proved misbehaviour या incapacity के ground पर हटाया जा सकता है। Both Houses में special majority required होती है।
The source names V. Ramaswami in 1993 and Soumitra Sen in 2011 in connection with removal proceedings.
Jurisdiction / अधिकार क्षेत्र
Original Jurisdiction – Article 131 / मूल अधिकार क्षेत्र
Includes disputes between Centre and one or more States, Centre and States on opposing sides, and disputes between two or more States.
Appellate Jurisdiction / अपीलीय अधिकार क्षेत्र
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal. Constitutional, civil, criminal and special-leave appeals fall within appellate jurisdiction according to the source.
Advisory Jurisdiction – Article 143 / परामर्शी अधिकार क्षेत्र
The President may seek the Supreme Court's advice on legal matters.
Court of Record – Article 129 / अभिलेख न्यायालय
The Supreme Court is a Court of Record under Article 129.
Transfer of Cases / मामलों का स्थानांतरण
The source states that under Article 139A, the Supreme Court may transfer to itself cases from one or more High Courts involving a significant question of law.
Important CJI and Judge Facts / महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
- First Chief Justice of India → H.J. Kania, 1950-51.
- Shortest tenure listed → K.N. Singh, 25 Nov 1991-12 Dec 1991.
- Longest tenure listed → Y.V. Chandrachud, 1978-85.
- First woman Supreme Court judge → Justice Fatima Beevi.
- Second woman Justice listed → Gyan Sudha Mishra.
Quick Revision / त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
- Inauguration → 28 January 1950
- Retirement age → 65
- Original jurisdiction → Article 131
- Court of Record → Article 129
- Advisory jurisdiction → Article 143
- First CJI → H.J. Kania
- First woman SC judge → Fatima Beevi