Amendment of the Constitution / संविधान में संशोधन
Article 368 deals with amendment of the Constitution. The source explains different methods of amendment and lists several important Constitutional Amendment Acts frequently asked in competitive examinations.
Article 368 Constitution amendment से संबंधित है। Source amendment की different procedures तथा कई important Constitutional Amendment Acts का विवरण देता है।
Amendment by Special Majority / विशेष बहुमत से संशोधन
The source describes one category as requiring more than 50% of the total membership of each House and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
एक category में each House की total membership के more than 50% तथा present and voting members के two-thirds majority की आवश्यकता होती है।
Special Majority plus State Ratification / विशेष बहुमत एवं राज्यों की स्वीकृति
Provisions affecting the federal structure require special majority in Parliament together with consent of at least half of State Legislatures by simple majority according to the source.
Federal structure से related provisions के amendment के लिए Parliament की special majority तथा at least half State Legislatures की consent required होती है।
Simple Majority / साधारण बहुमत
The source notes a third category of constitutional changes made by simple majority, which technically falls outside the ambit of Article 368.
कुछ changes simple majority से भी किए जाते हैं और source के अनुसार वे Article 368 के ambit में नहीं आते।
Basic Structure Doctrine / मूल संरचना सिद्धांत
The source cites the Kesavananda Bharati Case of 1973 for the proposition that every constitutional provision is amendable, but Parliament cannot destroy the basic structure of the Constitution.
Source Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973 को Basic Structure doctrine से जोड़ता है। Parliament Constitution को amend कर सकती है लेकिन basic structure को destroy नहीं कर सकती।
Important Constitutional Amendments / महत्वपूर्ण संविधान संशोधन
1st Amendment Act, 1951
Added the Ninth Schedule.
Ninth Schedule को add किया गया।
7th Amendment Act, 1956
Connected with reorganisation of States on a linguistic basis.
15th Amendment Act, 1963
The source states that it extended retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 65 years. This statement is reproduced as source material.
26th Amendment Act, 1971
Abolished titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely States.
36th Amendment Act, 1975
Made Sikkim a State.
44th Amendment Act, 1978
Deleted Right to Property from Part III and substituted 'Armed Rebellion' as a ground associated with National Emergency under Article 352.
73rd Amendment Act, 1992
Gave constitutional status and legitimacy to Panchayati Raj institutions, added the Eleventh Schedule and inserted Part IX containing Articles 243 to 243-O.
89th Amendment Act, 2003
Inserted Article 338A and provided for the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
91st Amendment Act, 2003
Amended the Anti-Defection Law and provided that the number of Ministers in the Centre and States cannot exceed 15% of the strength of the Lok Sabha or respective Legislative Assembly, as described in the source.
93rd Amendment Act, 2005
Associated with reservation for socially and educationally backward classes, SCs and STs in specified private unaided educational institutions other than minority institutions.
97th Amendment, 2011
The source associates it with amendment of Article 19, insertion of Article 43B and Part IX-B, providing constitutional status to cooperatives.
99th Amendment Act, 2014
Associated with replacing the collegium system for judicial appointments. The source notes that the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional and void.
100th Amendment Act, 2015
Implemented acquisition and transfer of territories between India and Bangladesh pursuant to bilateral agreements.
101st Amendment Act, 2016
Associated with the Goods and Services Tax or GST.
102nd Amendment Act, 2018
Provided constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes.
103rd Amendment Act, 2019
Provided 10% reservation for economically backward classes, as described in the source.
104th Amendment Act, 2020
The source states that it extended reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies and removed reserved representation for the Anglo-Indian community.
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Article 368 → Constitutional Amendment
- Basic Structure → Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973
- 1st Amendment → Ninth Schedule
- 36th Amendment → Sikkim became State
- 44th Amendment → Right to Property removed from Part III
- 73rd Amendment → Panchayati Raj
- 89th Amendment → National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
- 101st Amendment → GST
- 102nd Amendment → NCBC constitutional status
- 103rd Amendment → 10% EWS reservation