Panchayati Raj / पंचायती राज
Part IX of the Constitution deals with Panchayats from Articles 243 to 243-O. The source states that the Panchayat system was introduced constitutionally by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.
Constitution का Part IX Articles 243-243O Panchayats से संबंधित है। Source के अनुसार Panchayati Raj को 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 के माध्यम से constitutional status मिला।
Three-Tier Panchayati Raj System / त्रिस्तरीय पंचायती राज व्यवस्था
- Gram Panchayat → Village level
- Panchayat Samiti → Block level
- Zila Parishad → District level
यह three-tier system Panchayati Raj की core structure है।
Duration / कार्यकाल
Every Panchayat may continue for 5 years from the date of its first meeting according to the source.
Municipalities / नगरपालिकाएँ
Part IX-A contains provisions for Municipalities from Articles 243-P to 243-ZG. The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 envisaged three types of urban local bodies.
Part IX-A Articles 243P-243ZG Municipalities से संबंधित है। 74th Amendment Act, 1992 ने urban local bodies के three types की व्यवस्था की।
- Nagar Panchayat
- Municipal Council
- Municipal Corporation
Historical Municipal Facts / नगरपालिका के ऐतिहासिक तथ्य
The first Municipal Corporation in India was introduced in Madras in 1688. The source calls it the first municipal body in the whole Commonwealth outside the UK. Bombay and Calcutta Corporations were established in 1726.
Source के अनुसार India का first Municipal Corporation Madras में 1688 में establish हुआ। Bombay और Calcutta Corporations 1726 में established हुए।
Population Criteria in the Source / स्रोत में जनसंख्या मानदंड
- Municipal Corporation → Cities with population greater than 1 million.
- Nagar Panchayat → Urban areas with population greater than 30,000 and less than 100,000.
- Municipal Council → Urban area of population 200,000 or less.
Committees on Panchayati Raj / पंचायती राज पर समितियाँ
Balwantrai Mehta Committee, 1957
Recommended establishment of local bodies, devolution of power and authority and conceptualised a three-tier Panchayati Raj system. The Block/Samiti was viewed as the basic unit of decentralised government.
K. Santhanam Committee, 1963
Recommended that Panchayats be given powers to levy taxes on land revenue etc. and suggested a Panchayati Raj Finance Corporation.
Ashok Mehta Committee, 1978
Recommended the district as a viable administrative unit for planning and proposed a two-tier system with Mandal Panchayat and Zila Parishad.
G.V.K. Rao Committee, 1985
Recommended activation and support of PRIs and placed the Block Development Office at the centre of rural development.
L.M. Singhvi Committee, 1986
Recommended constitutional recognition for local self-government and non-involvement of political parties according to the source.
High-Yield Revision / महत्वपूर्ण पुनरावृत्ति
- Panchayats → Part IX
- Articles → 243-243O
- 73rd Amendment → 1992
- Municipalities → Part IX-A
- 74th Amendment → 1992
- First Municipal Corporation → Madras → 1688
- Three-tier Panchayat → Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad
- Balwantrai Mehta → 1957 → Three-tier system
- Ashok Mehta → 1978 → Two-tier system
- L.M. Singhvi → Constitutional recognition